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Histology > Epithelial Tissue > Flashcards

Epithelial Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what does epithelia do? (3)

A

covers body surfaces
lines body cavities
forms glands

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2
Q

epithelial cells are characterized by the production of — intermediate filaments

A

keratin

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3
Q

do all epithelia produce the same type of keratin?

A

no, different epithelia produce different keratin

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4
Q

keratin can be useful in

A

tumor ID

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5
Q

what is keratin derived from? (3)

A

ecto, endo, mesoderm

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6
Q

what is derived from the ectoderm? (5)

A 
epidermis 
cornea/lens epithelial of eye 
enamel organ and enamel of teeth
anterior pituitary
inner ear
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7
Q

what is derived from the neuroectoderm? (2)

A 
neural tube (CNS)
neural crest (PNS)
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8
Q

neural tube (CNS) (5)

A 
pineal body
posterior pituitary
sensory epithelium of eye 
ear 
nose
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9
Q

neural crest (PNS) (6)

A 
ganglia 
nerves 
glial cells 
adrenal medulla 
melanocytes 
neuroendocrine cells
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10
Q

what is derived from mesoderm? (4)

A

epithelium of kidneys and gonads
mesothelium
endothelium
adrenal cortex

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11
Q

what is derived from endoderm? (5)

A

respiratory epithelium
alimentary epithelium (except oral and anal cavity)
liver, pancreas, gallbladder, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus
epithelial lining of tympanic cavity and Eustachian tubes
transitional epithelium of bladder

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12
Q

what are the epithelium functions? (6)

A 
barrier 
SPM
secretion
absorption
transport
sensation
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13
Q

do epithelia have blood vessels?

A

no they are avascular, they are never penetrated by blood vessels

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14
Q

what separates the epithelium from underlying connective tissue and blood vessels?

A

the basement membrane

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15
Q

cells rely on — of O2 and nutrients from underlying tissue

A

diffusion

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16
Q

mucous membrane (mucosa)

A

epithelium that lines cavities that connect with outside world
(ex. alimentary, respiratory, or urogenital tracts)

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17
Q

the mucous membrane contains (4)

A

surface epithelium of ectoderm (or endoderm)
basement membrane
supporting connective tissue (lamina proprietary)
smooth muscle (muscular mucosae)

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18
Q

serous membrane (serosa)

A

epithelium that lines closed body cavities

ex. peritoneal, pleural, pericardial cavities

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19
Q

serosa consists of (4)

A

epithelial lining
mesothelium (mesodermal derived)
basement membrane
supporting connective tissue

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20
Q

what does serosa lack?

A

muscularis mucosae

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21
Q

endothelium

A

epithelium that lines blood and lymph vessels (mesodermally derived)

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22
Q

endothelium are associated with variable numbers of (2)

A

smooth muscle and connective tissue layers, or tunics

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23
Q

most epithelial cells have a — lifespan

A

finite

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24
Q

what is the basal surface of epithelial cells attached to>

A

underlying basement membrane and extracellular matrix proteins (external lamina)

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25
Q

functions of the basement membrane (5)

A 
structural support
scaffolding for growth
differentiation
migration of cells during embryonic growth
regeneration
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26
Q

function of the non-cellular, protein and polysaccharide-rich layer

A

acts as a filter between epithelium and underlying connective tissue

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27
Q

how is negative charge maintained?

A

SPM for nutrients and metabolites to and from epithelium

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28
Q

function of the glomerular basement membrane in the kidneys

A

acts as a highly selective filter for urine formation

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29
Q

what are the major components of the basement membrane? (4)

A

GAGs
type 4 collagen
structural glycoproteins
large polypeptides with branched, polysaccaride side chains

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30
Q

structural glycoproteins (3)

A

laminin
fibronectin
enactin

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31
Q

what are the three layers of the basement membrane seen with electron microscopy?

A 
lamina lucida (electron Lucent)
lamina densa (electron dense)
lamina reticularis (electron Lucent)
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32
Q

lamina lucida

A

in contract with the basal cell membrane

10-50 nm

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33
Q

lamina reticularis

A

merges with surrounding tissue

20-30nm

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34
Q

lamina densa

A

anchored to underlying connective tissue by microfibrils of type 4 collagen (anchoring filaments)

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35
Q

how do epithelial cells adhere to one another?

A

cell junctions

intercellular epithelial attachment sites

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36
Q

cell junctions allow for

A

communication between cells

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37
Q

what are the three types of cell junctions?

A

occluding
adhering
communicating

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38
Q

occluding junctions are also known as

A

tight junctions

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39
Q

where are occluding junctions located?

A

beneath the luminal surface of simple columnar epithelia

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40
Q

occluding junctions act as

A

gaskets

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41
Q

zonula occludent

A

opposing cell membranes that fuse together

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42
Q

fascia occludens is present between

A

endothelial cells in the wall of blood vessels

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43
Q

adhering junctions are also known as

A

anchoring junctions

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44
Q

adhering junctions function to

A

bind cells together, act as anchoring points for cell cytoskeleton

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45
Q

zonula adherent

A

a continuous band characterized by transmembrane glycoproteins called cadherins

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46
Q

cadherins

A

class of cell adhesion molecules, or interns

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47
Q

in adhering junctions, are the adjacent cell membranes fused?

A

no

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48
Q

macula adherens/desmosomes

A

small, circular patches

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49
Q

most common type of cell junction

A

macula adherens/desmosomes

50
Q

macula adherent/desmosomes are located on

A

the lateral surface of the cell

51
Q

macula adherent/desmosomes are associated with attachment of plaques containing attachment proteins including (3)

A

desmoplakins
desmoglzins
tonofilaments

52
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

half desmosomes

53
Q

hemidesmosomes are found on the

A

basal surface of the cell

anchoring it to the BM via integrins

54
Q

hemidesmosomes are associated with high

A

mechanical abrasion/shearing forces

ex. skin

55
Q

junctional complex is also known as

A

terminal bar

56
Q

junctional complex

A

specialized, circumferential intercellular connection

57
Q

junctional complex is a hybrid between

A

adhering and occluding junctions

58
Q

junctional complex forms a

A

diffusion barrier between cells

59
Q

threes zones of junctional complexes

A 
zonula occludens (tight junction)
zonula adherens (adherent junction)
macula adherens (desmosomes)
60
Q

communicating junctions are also known as

A

gap junctions or nexus junctions

61
Q

what are gap junctions?

A

focal, or regional adherent zones located on lateral border of cell

62
Q

what are hap junctions formed by?

A

hundreds of connexions formed by ring of 6 integral proteins called connexions surrounding 2 nm diameter pores

63
Q

what do gap junctions allow for?

A

passage of small molecules between adjacent cells, allow transport of info and metabolites between cells

64
Q

microvilli

A

finger-like cytoplasmic projections, extend from the cell surface

65
Q

microvilli contain — filaments

A

actin

66
Q

microvilli work to increase

A

surface area for absorption or secretion
=striated border in intestine
=brush border in renal tubules

67
Q

microvilli are supported by the

A

terminal web

68
Q

terminal web

A

network of actin microfilaments at the base of microvilli which provide support

69
Q

stereocillia

A

long microvilli, not Cilia

70
Q

where are setereocilia found? (2)

A

epidermis of males

sensory cells of the inner ear

71
Q

are stereocilia motile?

A

no

72
Q

stereoilia contain — filaments

A

actin

73
Q

cilia

A

long, motile cytoplasmic extensions

74
Q

cilia posses an

A

axoneme

75
Q

axoneme

A

9+2 arrangement of microtiniles

76
Q

each cilium arises from individual

A

basal body

77
Q

basal body develops from

A

centrioles

78
Q

cilia beat in what kind of rhythm?

A

synchronous, metachronal rhythm

79
Q

cilia strokes

effective vs recovery

A

rapid, rigid, effective stroke

slower, flexible recovery stroke

80
Q

what do cilia contain?

A

microtubule doublets with dynein arms

81
Q

what happens if microtubules lack dynein arms?

A

ciliary mobility is impaired or absent

82
Q

kartageners syndrome

A

causes sterility in males due to non functional flagella on sperm

83
Q

dextrocardia (or sinus inversus)

A

due to absence of ciliary activity during embryonic Development

84
Q

hydrocephalus

A

due to non functional cilia on ependymal cells unable to circulate CSF

85
Q

what are the 3 criteria for epithelial classification?

A 
# of cell layers 
shape of cells (at epithelial surface)
surface specializations (cilia, keratin, etc)
86
Q

of layers (3)

A

simple
stratified
pseudostratified

87
Q

simple

A

1 cell layer thick

88
Q

stratified

A

two or more cell layers

89
Q

pseudostratified

A

looks stratified, but isn’t

all cells rest on the basement membrane, but not all cells extend t the epithelial surface

90
Q

shape of cells (3)

A

squamous
cuboidal
columnar

91
Q

squamous

A

flattened

width>height

92
Q

cuboidal

A

width~=depth~=height

93
Q

columnar

A

hight>width

94
Q

transitional epithelia (3)

A

lines most of the urinary tract (except parts of the urethra)
stratified epithelium, modified for distensibility
varies from squamous to cuboidal

95
Q

endothelium

A

epithelial lining blood vessels and lymphatics; simple squamous

96
Q

mesothelium

A

epithelium lining closed body cavities
(ex. thoracic, pericardial, and abdominal cavities)
simple squamous

97
Q

glands are composed of epithelial cells, specialized for (2)

A

synthesis and secretion

98
Q

glands can be classified through (3)

A

morphology
type of secretory product
mode of discharge of secretory product

99
Q

duct morphology (2)

A

simple gland

compound grand

100
Q

simple gland

A

unbranched cuts (straight or coiled)

101
Q

compound gland

A

branched ducts

102
Q

shape of gland (3)

A

tubular
acinar
tubuloacinar

103
Q

tubular

A

tube-like (straight or coiled)

104
Q

acing/alveolar

A

sac-like or flat shaped, individual sac called acinus

105
Q

tubuloacinar

A

intermediate, tube with dilated end

106
Q

type of secretory product (5)

A 
serous 
mucous 
mixed
sebaceous 
ceruminois
107
Q

serous

A

water; basophilic acini

ex. parotid

108
Q

mucous

A

thick, viscid secretion (mucus); clear on H&E

ex. palatal

109
Q

mixed (seromucous)

A

contain both cuboid and serous acini, often include serous demilunes
(ex. submandibular)

110
Q

sebaceous gland of the skin

A

secrete lipids in the form of sebum

111
Q

ceruminous glands of external ear canal

A

secrete cerumen (ear wax)

112
Q

two main functional groups

A

endocrine glands

exocrine glands

113
Q

endocrine glands

A 
lack ducts 
secrete products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream
114
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete product onto epithelial surface via ducts

115
Q

exocrine glands containspecialized contractile cells, called

A

myoepithelial cells

li between secretory cells and the BM, assist in secretion

116
Q

goblet cells

A

specialized, unicellular exocrine glands, located in epithelium, secrete mucous

117
Q

mode of discharge (3)

A

merocrine
apocrine
holocirine

118
Q

merocrine (eccrine)

A

only secretory product is released, generally proteins

119
Q

most common mode of discharge

A

merocrine, involves simple exocytosis

120
Q

apocrine

A

secrete membrane bound vesicles, product accompanied by some cytoplasm
usually lipid precuts (ex. sweat and mammary glands)

121
Q

holocrine

A

entire cell secreted (ruptures, released contents)

ex. sebaceous glands

Histology (32 decks)

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