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Medical Terminology > Unit 10 for Brainscape - Unit 10 Full Word List 2024 > Flashcards

Unit 10 for Brainscape - Unit 10 Full Word List 2024 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

abdominocentesis

A

puncture of the abdominal wall

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2
Q

abdominoplasty

A

surgical revision of the abdomen

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3
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

glandular cancer

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4
Q

aerodontalgia

A

pain in the teeth when air is blasted at them

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5
Q

alimentary

A

pertaining to the process of nourishment

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6
Q

amylase

A

enzyme which breaks down starch

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7
Q

anal

A

pertaining to the anus

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8
Q

anhydrase

A

enzyme which helps form stomach acid

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9
Q

anophony

A

the sound made by the expulsion of flatus (i.e. a fart)

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10
Q

anoplasty

A

surgical revision of the anus

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11
Q

anosigmoidoscopy

A

the process of looking into the anus and sigmoid colon

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12
Q

antacid

A

drug that reduces the acidity of the stomach

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13
Q

antiemetic

A

drug that reduces vomiting

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14
Q

anus

A

the posterior end of the digestive tract

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15
Q

aphagia

A

not eating

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16
Q

ascending

A

the segment of the large intestine on the right side between the appendix and the transverse colon

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17
Q

ascites

A

swelling of the abdomen, usually because of an underlying disease

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18
Q

bariatrics

A

medical specialty that focuses on weight control

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19
Q

bile

A

fluid made by the cells of the liver and stored in the gall bladder; when released into the duodenum, it helps digest fats

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20
Q

biligenesis

A

the process of creating bile

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21
Q

bilirubin

A

breakdown product of red blood cells; named for its reddish color

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22
Q

biliverdin

A

breakdown product of red blood cells; named for its greenish color

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23
Q

buccal

A

pertaining to the cheek

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24
Q

canaliculus

A

small canals between liver cells where bile is excreted

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25
Q

carboxypeptidase

A

enzyme which breaks down proteins

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26
Q

cardia

A

the portion of the stomach where the esophagus enters

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27
Q

cathartic

A

drug used to purge the gastrointestinal tract; laxative

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28
Q

caudate

A

liver lobule shaped like a tail

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29
Q

celiac

A

pertaining to the abdomen

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30
Q

celiomyositis

A

inflammation of the abdominal muscles

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31
Q

celiopathy

A

abdominal disease

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32
Q

celiotomy

A

cutting into the abdomen

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33
Q

cementum

A

mineralized tissue layer covering the root of a tooth

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34
Q

cholangiogastrostomy

A

surgical creation of a communication between the bile duct and the stomach

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35
Q

cholangiogram

A

x-ray image of the bile ducts after ingestion of a x-ray dense dye

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36
Q

cholangiography

A

process of obtaining a cholangiogram

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37
Q

cholangioma

A

tumor of the bile ducts

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38
Q

cholangiopancreatography

A

process of obtaining an image of the bile ducts and pancreas

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39
Q

cholangitis

A

inflammation of the bile duct

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40
Q

cholecystalgia

A

pain in the gallbladder

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41
Q

cholecystectomy

A

surgical removal of the gallbladder

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42
Q

cholecystitis

A

inflammation of the gallbladder

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43
Q

cholecystogram

A

x-ray image of the gallbladder after ingestion of a x-ray dense dye

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44
Q

cholecystokinin

A

hormone that causes contraction of the gallbladder; also used as a neurotransmitter in the brain

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45
Q

choledochocele

A

herniation of the common bile duct

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46
Q

choledochoenterostomy

A

surgical creation of a communication between the common bile duct and the jejunum

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47
Q

choledocholithectomy

A

surgical removal of a stone in the common bile duct

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48
Q

choledocholithiasis

A

the presence of a stone in the common bile duct

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49
Q

choledochotomy

A

cutting into the common bile duct

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50
Q

cholelith

A

gallstone

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51
Q

cholelithiasis

A

the presence of a stone in the gall bladder

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52
Q

cholelithotomy

A

cutting into the gall bladder to remove a gallstone

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53
Q

cholelithotripsy

A

using sound waves to pound a gallstone into small fragments that can be passed normally

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54
Q

chyme

A

fluid found in the intestines that results from the partial digestion of food

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55
Q

chymotrypsin

A

enzyme that breaks down proteins

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56
Q

cirrhosis

A

inflammation of the connective tissue of the liver

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57
Q

colectomy

A

surgical removal of the colon

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58
Q

colitis

A

inflammation of the colon

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59
Q

colon

A

large intestine

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60
Q

colonectomy

A

surgical removal of the colon

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61
Q

colonoscopy

A

the process of looking into the colon

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62
Q

colorectal

A

pertaining to the colon and rectum

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63
Q

colostomy

A

surgical creation of a communication between the colon and the outside of the body

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64
Q

colovaginal

A

pertaining to the colon and vagina; these two organs share a common wall that can be breached, resulting in a colovaginal fistula

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65
Q

conjugated

A

bilirubin that is made water-soluble so it may be carried in the bloodstream

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66
Q

constipation

A

inability to defecate

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67
Q

cystic

A

a disease that causes cysts (e.g. cystic fibrosis, which affects both the lungs and digestive tract)

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68
Q

deciduous

A

teeth that are normally lost (i.e. “baby teeth”)

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69
Q

defecation

A

the process of removing feces from the body

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70
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

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71
Q

dentalgia

A

pain in the teeth

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72
Q

dentifrice

A

toothpaste

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73
Q

dentin

A

hard bony tissue beneath the enamel that forms the bulk of the tooth

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74
Q

dentist

A

person who treats diseases of the oral cavity

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75
Q

dentistry

A

practice of treating diseases of the oral cavity

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76
Q

descending

A

the segment of the large intestine on the left side between the transverse colon and the sigmoid colon

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77
Q

diarrhea

A

abnormal flow of feces

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78
Q

digestive

A

about the act of digestion

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79
Q

diverticulitis

A

outpocketing of the intestines, with inflammation

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80
Q

diverticulosis

A

outpocketing of the intestines, without inflammation

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81
Q

duodenectomy

A

surgical removal of the duodenum

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82
Q

duodenitis

A

inflammation of the duodenum

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83
Q

duodenum

A

initial segment of the small intestine, between the stomach and jejunum

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84
Q

dysentery

A

disease involving problems with the intestines

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85
Q

dyspepsia

A

disease involving problems with the stomach

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86
Q

elastase

A

enzyme that breaks down elastin, a protein in connective tissue

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87
Q

emesis

A

vomiting

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88
Q

enamel

A

outer coating of teeth

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89
Q

enterectomy

A

surgical removal of a segment of the intestines

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90
Q

enteric

A

pertaining to the intestines

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91
Q

enterocele

A

herniation of the intestines

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92
Q

enterocyte

A

intestinal cell

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93
Q

enterodynia

A

pain in the intestines

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94
Q

enteroendocrine

A

relating to the hormones which regulate digestion

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95
Q

enteropathy

A

disease of the intestines

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96
Q

enterorrhaphy

A

suturing the intestines

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97
Q

enterotomy

A

cutting into the intestines

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98
Q

epigastric

A

one of the nine abdominal regions, lying along the midline at the top of the abdomen

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99
Q

esophagalgia

A

pain in the esophagus

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100
Q

esophageal

A

pertaining to the esophagus

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101
Q

esophagectomy

A

surgical removal of a segment of the esophagus

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102
Q

esophagitis

A

inflammation of the esophagus

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103
Q

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

A

the process of looking into the esophagus, stomach, and initial segment of the intestines

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104
Q

esophagogastroplasty

A

surgical revision of the esophagus and stomach

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105
Q

esophagoscopy

A

the process of looking into the esophagus

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106
Q

euglycemia

A

condition of perfect blood sugar

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107
Q

eupepsia

A

condition of perfect digestion

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108
Q

falciform

A

liver ligament that is shaped like a sickle

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109
Q

fecal

A

pertaining to feces

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110
Q

feces

A

the waste expelled from the anus as the last step of digestion

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111
Q

filiform

A

the most common type of papillae on the tongue; shaped like hairs and do not contain taste buds

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112
Q

fistula

A

abnormal connection between two structures, such as the rectum and vagina

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113
Q

flatus

A

expulsion of intestinal gases from the anus

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114
Q

foliate

A

papillae on the tongue, with taste buds, that are leaf-shaped

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115
Q

fundus

A

the part of a bottle-shaped structure like the stomach that is opposite the opening

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116
Q

fungiform

A

papillae on the tongue, with taste buds, that are mushroom-shaped

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117
Q

gallbladder

A

the organ where bile made by the liver is stored, until it is released into the duodenum via the common bile duct

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118
Q

gastralgia

A

pain in the stomach

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119
Q

gastrectomy

A

surgical removal of all or part of the stomach

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120
Q

gastric

A

pertaining to the stomach

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121
Q

gastritis

A

inflammation of the stomach

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122
Q

gastroduodenoscope

A

instrument for looking inside the stomach and duodenum

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123
Q

gastroduodenostomy

A

surgical creation of a communication between the stomach and duodenum

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124
Q

gastrodynia

A

pain in the stomach

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125
Q

gastroenteritis

A

inflammation of the stomach and intestines

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126
Q

gastroenterocolitis

A

inflammation of the stomach, intestines, and colon

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127
Q

gastroenterologist

A

medical specialist who studies the stomach and intestines

128
Q

gastroenterology

A

medical specialty that focuses on the stomach and intestines

129
Q

gastroenterostomy

A

surgical creation of a communication between the stomach and intestines

130
Q

gastroesophageal

A

pertaining to the stomach and esophagus

131
Q

gastrointestinal

A

pertaining to the stomach and intestines

132
Q

gastrojejunostomy

A

surgical creation of a communication between the stomach and jejunum

133
Q

gastromalacia

A

abnormal softening of the stomach due to disease

134
Q

gastroparesis

A

weakness in the muscular contractions of the stomach

135
Q

gastropexy

A

surgical fixation of the stomach

136
Q

gastroplasty

A

surgical revision of the stomach

137
Q

gastroscope

A

instrument for looking inside the stomach

138
Q

ghrelin

A

hormone that affects appetite

139
Q

gingivalgia

A

pain in the gums

140
Q

gingivectomy

A

surgical removal of part of the gums

141
Q

gingivitis

A

inflammation of the gums

142
Q

gingivoglossitis

A

inflammation of the gums and tongue

143
Q

gingivoplasty

A

surgical revision of the gums

144
Q

gingivostomatitis

A

inflammation of the gums and mouth

145
Q

glossopathy

A

disease of the tongue

146
Q

glossoplasty

A

surgical revision of the tongue

147
Q

glossoplegia

A

weakness of the tongue muscles

148
Q

glossorrhaphy

A

suturing the tongue

149
Q

glossotomy

A

cutting into the tongue

150
Q

glossotrichia

A

disease characterized by hairy appearance of the tongue

151
Q

glucagon

A

hormone involved in glucose metabolism; causes glycogen to be broken down and glucose to be made from other sources, raising blood sugar

152
Q

glucuronic acid

A

chemical group used to modify water insoluble compounds so that they are now water soluble and may be passed in urine

153
Q

haustrum

A

periodic outpocketings of the colon that give it a segmented appearance

154
Q

hematemesis

A

vomiting blood

155
Q

heme

A

oxygen-holding chemical group; there are four heme groups per hemoglobin molecule

156
Q

hemicolectomy

A

surgical removal of a segment of the colon

157
Q

hemorrhoid

A

painful varicose veins in the anus

158
Q

hemorrhoidectomy

A

surgical removal of a hemorrhoid

159
Q

hepatectomy

A

surgical removal of the liver

160
Q

hepatic

A

pertaining to the liver

161
Q

hepaticogastrostomy

A

surgical creation of a communication between the hepatic duct and the stomach

162
Q

hepaticotomy

A

surgical incision of the hepatic duct

163
Q

hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver

164
Q

hepatocarcinoma

A

liver cancer

165
Q

hepatocytes

A

cells of the liver

166
Q

hepatoma

A

tumor of the liver

167
Q

hepatomalacia

A

abnormal softening of the liver due to disease

168
Q

hepatomegaly

A

abnormal enlargement of the liver

169
Q

hepatopancreatic

A

pertaining to the liver and pancreas

170
Q

hepatopexy

A

surgical fixation of the liver

171
Q

hepatoptosis

A

displacement of the liver out of its normal position

172
Q

hepatosclerosis

A

abnormal hardening of the liver due to disease

173
Q

hepatosplenitis

A

inflammation of the liver and spleen

174
Q

hepatosplenomegaly

A

abnormal enlargement of the liver and spleen

175
Q

hernia

A

displacement of an organ from its normal position

176
Q

herniorrhaphy

A

suturing the site of a herniation (e.g. in the abdominal wall) to keep it from recurring

177
Q

hyperemesis

A

abnormally frequent vomiting

178
Q

hypochondriac

A

one of the nine abdominal regions, lying laterally at the top of the abdomen

179
Q

hypogastric

A

one of the nine abdominal regions, lying along the midline at the bottom of the abdomen

180
Q

hypoglossal

A

underneath the tongue

181
Q

icterus

A

yellow color of the skin and eyes due to liver malfunction

182
Q

ileitis

A

inflammation of the ileum

183
Q

ileocecal

A

junction of the ileum and the cecum of the large intestine

184
Q

ileocolitis

A

inflammation of the ileum and colon

185
Q

ileocolostomy

A

surgical creation of a communication between the ileum and the colon

186
Q

ileorrhaphy

A

suturing the ileum

187
Q

ileostomy

A

surgical creation of a communication between the ileum and the body surface

188
Q

ileotomy

A

cutting into the ileum

189
Q

ileum

A

final segment of the small intestine, between the jejunum and large intestine

190
Q

ingestion

A

taking food into the body

191
Q

inguinal

A

pertaining to the groin

192
Q

insulin

A

hormone involved in glucose metabolism; causes glucose to be moved from bloodstream into cells, lowering blood sugar

193
Q

insulinotropic

A

drug which affects insulin levels

194
Q

intestinal

A

pertaining to the intestines

195
Q

islet

A

small collections of endocrine cells in the pancreas that manufacture insulin, glucagon, and other hormones

196
Q

jaundice

A

yellow color of the skin and eyes due to liver malfunction

197
Q

jejunitis

A

inflammation of the jejunum

198
Q

jejunoileitis

A

inflammation of the jejunum and ileum

199
Q

jejunorrhaphy

A

suturing the jejunum

200
Q

jejunostomy

A

surgical creation of a communication between the jejunum and the body surface

201
Q

jejunotomy

A

cutting into the jejunum

202
Q

jejunum

A

middle segment of the small intestine, between the duodenum and ileum

203
Q

labial

A

pertaining to the lips

204
Q

lacteal

A

lymph vessel which runs in the center of each intestinal villus and carries lipids into the bloodstream for processing by the liver and other organs

205
Q

lamina propria

A

a layer specific to the digestive system; lies between the epithelium lining the intestinal lumen and the muscular layer underneath

206
Q

laparocele

A

herniation of the abdominal wall

207
Q

laparoenterostomy

A

surgical creation of a communication between the intestines and the body surface through the abdominal wall

208
Q

laparoscope

A

instrument for looking inside the abdomen

209
Q

laparoscopy

A

the process of looking into the abdomen through a small incision

210
Q

laparotomy

A

cutting into the abdomen

211
Q

lingual

A

pertaining to the tongue

212
Q

lipase

A

enzyme which breaks down fats

213
Q

liver

A

organ which has primary responsibility for making blood proteins; processing non-glucose sugars and toxins; managing lipids; converting blood breakdown products to bile

214
Q

lobule

A

divisions of the liver or other organs with visible creases

215
Q

lumbar

A

pertaining to the lower back

216
Q

lumen

A

anatomical passageway; the open part of a tube-like organ

217
Q

lysozyme

A

enzyme used within cells to break down toxins and other unwanted substances

218
Q

macrocyte

A

abnormally enlarged red blood cell (see Unit 8); found in pernicious anemia

219
Q

malabsorption

A

poor or altered absorption of nutrients, for example due to a genetic or metabolic condition

220
Q

mesenteric

A

pertaining to the middle part of the intestines

221
Q

mesial

A

used in place of medial to refer to teeth; towards the midline

222
Q

mucosa

A

the epithelium, lamina propria, and muscular layer of the gut tube; collectively, the three mucus-secreting layers surrounding the lumen

223
Q

muscularis

A

layer of the gut tube with prominent smooth muscle cells

224
Q

myenteric

A

one of the plexi of the enteric nervous system

225
Q

nasogastric

A

a tube introduced through the nose, pharynx, and esophagus to access the stomach

226
Q

occlusal

A

tooth surface that contacts other teeth

227
Q

odontalgia

A

pain in the teeth

228
Q

odontectomy

A

surgical removal of a tooth

229
Q

odontoclasis

A

breakdown of teeth

230
Q

odontodynia

A

pain in the teeth

231
Q

oral

A

pertaining to the mouth cavity

232
Q

orthodontic

A

pertaining to the straightening and spacing of teeth

233
Q

orthodontist

A

dentist who specializes in straightening and spacing teeth

234
Q

oxygenase

A

enzyme that adds an oxygen to help in processing of heme

235
Q

pancreatoduodenectomy

A

surgical removal of the head of the pancreas and the duodenum to treat pancreatic cancer

236
Q

pancreatolith

A

a stone in the pancreas

237
Q

pancreatolithectomy

A

surgical removal of a stone from the pancreas

238
Q

pancreatolithiasis

A

the presence of a stone in the pancreas

239
Q

parietal

A

the layer of membranes lining the abdominal organs that is closest to the body wall

240
Q

parotid

A

the largest of the salivary glands

241
Q

pancreatography

A

process of imaging the pancreas

242
Q

pepsin

A

the first enzyme discovered; found in the stomach, where it breaks down proteins

243
Q

pepsinogen

A

protein precursor to pepsin; when it reacts with stomach acid, pepsin is produced

244
Q

periodontal

A

pertaining to the connective tissue holding the teeth in place

245
Q

periodontitis

A

inflammation of the connective tissue holding the teeth in place

246
Q

peristalsis

A

autonomic “milking” movements of the muscular layer of the gut tube resulting in movement of substances from mouth to anus

247
Q

peritoneoscopy

A

laparoscopy

248
Q

peritoneotomy

A

laparotomy

249
Q

peritoneum

A

membrane lining the abdominal cavity

250
Q

peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneum

251
Q

pernicious

A

slow but destructive process

252
Q

plicae circulares

A

“circular pleats”: folds in the intestines that help in the mixing of chyme with enzymes and microorganisms

253
Q

proctitis

A

inflammation of the rectum

254
Q

proctologist

A

medical specialist who studies the rectum

255
Q

proctology

A

medical specialty of the rectum

256
Q

proctopexy

A

surgical fixation of the rectum

257
Q

proctoptosis

A

displacement of the rectum out of its normal position

258
Q

proctoscope

A

instrument for looking inside the rectum

259
Q

propria

A

“proper”; “one’s own”; a layer unique to the gut tube, between the epithelium lining the lumen and the muscularis layer beneath

260
Q

propulsion

A

movement of substances through the gut tube

261
Q

purgative

A

drug used to purge the gastrointestinal tract; laxative

262
Q

pyloric

A

pertaining to a region of the stomach near its exit to the duodenum (e.g. the pyloric valve which regulates passage of materials from stomach to duodenum)

263
Q

pylorus

A

a region of the stomach near its exit to the duodenum

264
Q

quadrate

A

liver lobule shaped like a square

265
Q

rectalgia

A

pain in the a**

266
Q

rectitis

A

inflammation of the rectum

267
Q

rectopexy

A

surgical fixation of the rectum

268
Q

rectoplasty

A

surgical revision of the rectum

269
Q

rectum

A

the final segment of the colon; between the sigmoid colon and the anus

270
Q

reflux

A

abnormal backward movement of material in the gut tube; usually refers to stomach acid in the esophagus

271
Q

saliva

A

watery mixture produced by salivary glands that aids in digestion

272
Q

sclerosing

A

causing the abnormal hardening

273
Q

secretin

A

hormone released by the duodenum (to indicate increased acidity) and which acts on the liver and pancreas

274
Q

segmentation

A

mixing or churning movement in the intestines

275
Q

serosa

A

membrane lining the organs of the abdominal cavity

276
Q

sialadenectomy

A

surgical removal of a salivary gland

277
Q

sialadenitis

A

inflammation of a salivary gland

278
Q

sialadenosis

A

swelling of a salivary gland not caused by inflammation or cancer

279
Q

sialagogic

A

drug that causes increased production of saliva

280
Q

sialoadenectomy

A

surgical removal of a salivary gland

281
Q

sialoadenitis

A

inflammation of a salivary gland

282
Q

sialoadenosis

A

swelling of a salivary gland not caused by inflammation or cancer

283
Q

sialoangiectasis

A

dilation of the blood vessels of a salivary gland

284
Q

sialolith

A

stone in a salivary gland

285
Q

sialolithiasis

A

the presence of a stone in a salivary gland

286
Q

sialolithotomy

A

cutting into a salivary gland to remove a stone

287
Q

sialorrhea

A

abnormal flow from a salivary gland

288
Q

sialostenosis

A

a narrowed or blocked duct in a salivary gland

289
Q

sigmoid

A

shaped like the Greek letter sigma; S-shaped

290
Q

sigmoidoscope

A

instrument for looking inside the sigmoid colon

291
Q

sigmoidoscopy

A

the process of looking into the sigmoid colon

292
Q

steatorrhea

A

fatty stools

293
Q

stenosis

A

narrowing or blockage of a passage, such as the intestines

294
Q

stercobilin

A

excreted blood breakdown products in the feces; gives the feces a brown color

295
Q

stercobilinogen

A

chemical that gives rise to stercobilin

296
Q

stomatitis

A

inflammation of the mouth

297
Q

stomatodynia

A

pain in the mouth

298
Q

stomatogastric

A

pertaining to the mouth and stomach

299
Q

stomatomycosis

A

fungal infection of the mouth

300
Q

stomatoplasty

A

surgical revision of the mouth

301
Q

stomatosis

A

disease of the oral cavity

302
Q

sublingual

A

underneath the tongue

303
Q

submucosal

A

one of the plexi of the enteric nervous system

304
Q

sucrase

A

enzyme which breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose

305
Q

Taenia

A

genus name for tapeworms; Taenia saginata is the beef tapeworm while Taenia solium and Taenia asiatica are pork tapeworms found in undercooked meat

306
Q

tenesmus

A

straining, as when a patient tries to empty an already empty bowel

307
Q

trypsin

A

the second enzyme discovered; digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins

308
Q

ulcerate

A

cause the formation of an open wound

309
Q

ulcerative

A

causing the formation of an open wound

310
Q

umbilical

A

one of the nine abdominal regions, lying in the center of the grid and centered on the umbilicus (“belly button”)

311
Q

unconjugated

A

bilirubin that is not water-soluble (its normal state)

312
Q

vallate

A

papillae on the tongue, with taste buds, that are shaped like a castle and moat (valley)

313
Q

vermiform

A

shaped like a worm

314
Q

villus

A

tiny, threadlike projection of the intestinal wall which increases the surface area for absorption and digestion

315
Q

vitamin

A

chemical needed to help in the body’s biochemical reactions; generally aids enzymes to work more efficiently

316
Q

voluntary

A

under a person’s conscious control

Medical Terminology (34 decks)

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