Type 1 Diabetes Flashcards
Prevalence of T1D?
0.5%
Monozygotic twin risk T1D?
36%
Antibodies to what?
To insulin or GAD, glutamic acid decarboxylase
other beta cell antibodies Ia2, Zn transporter 8
Environmental trigger?
Viral infection Coxsackie, ER stress leading to cytokines causing insulitis
Who is type1 diabetes more prevalent in?
White over BAME
Genetic predisposition?
HLA antigens DR3-DQ2 and Dr4-DQ8, 90 % scandinavians with type 1 have one or both
Symptoms of type 1?
Tired Polyuria Polydipsia Losing weight Blurred vision Candida infections Ketoacidosis (break down fats) DKA
Ketone bodies formed after breaking down fats?
Acetone and d-beta-hydroxybutyrate
What is c-peptide?
Pro-insulin - insuline = c-peptide
Wont be in type1
Basal bolus regimen?
Long acting background insulin- basal
Rapid acting insulin pre-meal- bolus
Symptoms of hypoglycameia?
Palpitations, sweating tremor
Neuroglycopaenic symptoms- confusion
What protocol for islet cell transplantation?
Edmonton
Glucose monitoring how many times a day?
4
Ketone monitoring?
Urine (acetoacetate)
Blood (beta-hyroxybutyrate)
How to monitor past 3 months glucose?
HbA1c
Who does T1D affect more?
White people
Genetic predisposition to T1D?
Background risk of 0.5%
Mum- 1-2%
Dad-3-6%
Sibling-6%
Associations with T1D?
Coeliac Addisons Hypothyroidism Graves Hypogonadism Pernicious anemia Vitiligo Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome
How should insulin be given?
Peptide hormone- subcutaneously, mucous membranes, inhaled
Factors affecting blood glucose?
Stress Exercise Alcohol Sit of injection Temperature Menstrual Diet Illness
Transplantation for T1D?
PAK- pancreas after kidney
SPK- spontaneous pancreas kidney
