Type 1 Diabetes

Question 1

Prevalence of T1D?

Answer 1

0.5%

Question 2

Monozygotic twin risk T1D?

Answer 2

36%

Question 3

Antibodies to what?

Answer 3

To insulin or GAD, glutamic acid decarboxylase

other beta cell antibodies Ia2, Zn transporter 8

Question 4

Environmental trigger?

Answer 4

Viral infection Coxsackie, ER stress leading to cytokines causing insulitis

Question 5

Who is type1 diabetes more prevalent in?

Answer 5

White over BAME

Question 6

Genetic predisposition?

Answer 6

HLA antigens DR3-DQ2 and Dr4-DQ8, 90 % scandinavians with type 1 have one or both

Question 7

Symptoms of type 1?

Answer 7

Tired
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Losing weight
Blurred vision
Candida infections
Ketoacidosis (break down fats)
DKA

Question 8

Ketone bodies formed after breaking down fats?

Answer 8

Acetone and d-beta-hydroxybutyrate

Question 9

What is c-peptide?

Answer 9

Pro-insulin - insuline = c-peptide

Wont be in type1

Question 10

Basal bolus regimen?

Answer 10

Long acting background insulin- basal

Rapid acting insulin pre-meal- bolus

Question 11

Symptoms of hypoglycameia?

Answer 11

Palpitations, sweating tremor

Neuroglycopaenic symptoms- confusion

Question 12

What protocol for islet cell transplantation?

Answer 12

Edmonton

Question 13

Glucose monitoring how many times a day?

Answer 13

4

Question 14

Ketone monitoring?

Answer 14

Urine (acetoacetate)

Blood (beta-hyroxybutyrate)

Question 15

How to monitor past 3 months glucose?

Answer 15

HbA1c

Question 16

Who does T1D affect more?

Answer 16

White people

Question 17

Genetic predisposition to T1D?

Answer 17

Background risk of 0.5%
Mum- 1-2%
Dad-3-6%
Sibling-6%

Question 18

Associations with T1D?

Answer 18

Coeliac
Addisons
Hypothyroidism
Graves
Hypogonadism
Pernicious anemia
Vitiligo
Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome

Question 19

How should insulin be given?

Answer 19

Peptide hormone- subcutaneously, mucous membranes, inhaled

Question 20

Factors affecting blood glucose?

Answer 20

Stress
Exercise 
Alcohol
Sit of injection 
Temperature
Menstrual
Diet
Illness

Question 21

Transplantation for T1D?

Answer 21

PAK- pancreas after kidney

SPK- spontaneous pancreas kidney