FMA 2 Flashcards
Difference between threatened and incompleted miscarriage?
Threatened- intrauterine pregnancy is visible on scan, cervix is closed
Incomplete- some of pregnancy tissue has passed and some remains in uterus
In which structure so ectopic pregnancies mostly implant in?
Fallopian tubes
3 risk factors of a woman having ectopic pregnancy?
PID Previous ectopic Previous tubal surgery IVF Endometriosis Mini Pill IUD Cystic fibrosis Early shedding of zona pellucida
Recurrent miscarriages will warrant investigation for possible causes such as?
Maternal/paternal chromosomal disorder Phospholipd syndrome/lupus disease High levels of NK cells Poorly controlled diabetes Uterine abnormality
Factors increasing chance of twin pregnancy?
Maternal age IVF/fertility treatment Parity Family history Ethnicity-african country
What does chorionicity and amnioicity mean?
Chorionicity- number of placentas
Amniocity-number of amniotic sacs
Increased risks in dichorionic pregnancy for mother?
Pre-term labour Hyperemesis Anaemia Hypertensive disease (preeclampsia) Delivery problems- instrumental, caesarean, post partum haemorrhage
Increased risk in dichorionic pregnancy for babies?
Miscarriage Growth restriction Preterm labout Stillbirth/perinatal mortality Malposition IVGR Low birth rate Fetal death
Twin-twin transfusion syndrome explanation?
Shared placental vessels to blood is passed between babies. Donor baby gives more blood to recipient results in a smaller baby and a bigger baby. Shunting fetal death of one or both babies
Arrangment of umbilical cord?
Two arteries carrying deoxygenatd blood spiral around one vein carrying oxygenated blood to placenta. They are surrounded by a mucoid substance (whartons jelly)
3 component parts of decidua?
Decidua underlying embryo-decidua basalis- maternal component of placenta
Decidua capsularis lines embryo that i spushing into uterine cavity
Decidua parietalis is remainder of uterus
Mechanism of action of progesterone only contraceptive pills?
Increase viscosity of cervical mucus, thus impeding sperm transport, and impair endometrial development, preventing impantation.
By negative feedback, progesterone also inhibit secretion of luter=inising hormon, thus suppressing ovulation but not consistently
What is testic innervated by?
Spermatic plexus
Which vessel provides blood supply to muscles of pelvic floor and perineum in males?
Pudendal
Definition of syndrome?
Multiple congenital abnormalities co-exisiting due to a single aetiology, i.e single chromosomal/gene problem
Edwards syndrome?
Trisomy 18
Pataus?
Trisomy at 13
Turner syndrome?
XO
External features of baby with downs?
Flat face/small nose Eyes slant upwards and outwards Large tongue Single palmer crease Flat back of head, thickened skin on back of neck, chort neck Broad hand with short fingers Below average weight and lengfth at birth Floppy, hypotonia
Combined screening for chromosomal anormalitis happens?
11 + 2 weeks to 14 + 1 weeks
What smaple is tested in non-invasive prenatal testing?
Cell free fetal DNA in maternal blood
Harmony, SAFE test
Causes for infertility (not including male factors)?
Age Unexplained Ovulatory (PCOS, or premature ovarian failure) Tubal damage ( tubal surgery or ectopic) Endometriosis Uterine or endometiral abnormality Gamete or embryo defect
Investogation to look at womb?
Hystero-salpingogram HSG
What tests should you do before HSG?
Pregnancy,
Infection/STI screen
Two types of patients who may benefit from intrauterine insemination before attempting IVF?
Single mothers same sex couples heterosexual couples who have problem with intercourse
