Pathology Of Female Tract Practical Flashcards
What type of epithelium lines the ectocervix?
Non-keratinising stratified squamous epithelium
What shape is multifarious cervix?
Transverse shaped
Other organs that have non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium?
Anal canal
vagina
Oral cavity
Oesophagus
Which other sites have squamous columnar junction?
And-rectal junction
Oseophago-gastric junction
2 most common high risk HPVs?
16 and 18
2 most common low risk HPVs?
6 and 11
A cell infected by HPV shows koliocytosis which consists of?
Clear cytoplasm
CIN 1 impact the..?
Lower third of the epithelium
Advanced cervical cancer symptoms?
Post coital bleeding
Foul smelling discharge
Intermenstrual bleeding
Weight loss when advanced
What is most likely histology of cervical cancer?
95% of cervical cancers are squamous cell carcinoma
Transformation zone is made up of?
Metaplasia squamous epithelium
Other sites that produce oestrogen?
Ovary, subcutaneous fat and adrenal glands
In secretory endometrium phase the cells show?
Subnuclear vacuolation
Indications of hysterectomy?
Menorrhagia
a) Fibroid uterus
b) Early ca cervix
c) Ca endometrium
d) Ca ovary
e) Uterine prolapse
f) Dysfunctional uterine
bleeding
What is the best time to sample the endometrium when investigating infertility, follicular or luteal phase ? Why?
From Day 16 onwards because the Pathologist will be able to tell the Gynaecologist whether the patient has ovulated or not; therefore, it is important to provide date of LMP when submitting specimens to the lab
Metrorrhagia?
Vaginal bleeding that occurs outside of expected menstrual bleeding
Causes of dysfunctional uterine bleeding?
Menorrhagia
Intermenstrual bleeding
Polymenorrhoea
Metrorrhagia
Most common tumour of uterus?
Fibroid
Fibroid uterus more common in?
African origin
Where can fibroid uterus be located?
Submucosal- under endometrium
Intramural- within myometrium
Subserosal-under peritoneum
Fibroid consists of and so is called?
Smooth muscle, leiomyoma
Clinical presentation of leiomyomas?
- Asymptomatic
- Abnormal uterine bleeding
- Pain-dysmenorrhoea
- Bladder symptoms- frequency
- Impaired infertility-recurrent miscarriage
- preterm labour, obstructed labour
How does IUD prevent intrauterine bleeding?
The most common IUCD used to control abnormal uterine bleeding is the Mirena which slowly releases progesterone and suppresses endometrial proliferation and stops the bleeding
Radiological investigations to detect carcinoma of endometrium?
Patients with endometrial cancer invariably present with PMB; investigations include:
Hysteroscopy and biopsy
Ultrasound – to assess endometrial thickness; may detect polyp
MRI to assess local spread, i.e. depth of the tumour invasion of the myometrium
CT scan to assess for local spread into lymph nodes and distant metastases → chest , abdomen and pelvis
