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203 > Histology And Pathology Of The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Histology And Pathology Of The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What does hormone mean?

A

To excite

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2
Q

Paracrine action?

A

Action of hormone on adjacent cells

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3
Q

What kind of cells are endocrine glands made of?

A

cuboidal secretory cells supported by myoepithelial cells, which contract

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4
Q

Which glands have no lumen?

A

Pituitary and parathyroid glands

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5
Q

Pituitary is divided into 2:

A

Adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis

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6
Q

Basophils secretes?

A

FSH, TSH and LH

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7
Q

What is ACTH secreted by?

A

Chromophobes and basophils

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8
Q

Acidophils?

A

Take up acidic dyes look pinkish

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9
Q

Basophils look?

A

Take us basic dyes- Blue

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10
Q

Somatotroph target organ?

A

Bones and other organs

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11
Q

Lack of ADH results in?

A

Diabetes insipidus

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12
Q

Pituitary adenomas?

A

Benign arising form anterior lobe

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13
Q

Intracranial neoplasms- pituitary percentage?

A

10%

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14
Q

Pituitary tumour affecting optic chiasma?

A

Bitemporal hemianopsia, loss of vision of outer half

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15
Q

Lack of iodine?

A

Enlarged thyroid gland, goitre

Enlarges to take up max iodine

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16
Q

How much does thyroid gland weigh?

A

35-45 grams

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17
Q

Follicles contain?

A

Pink colloids, eosinophillic

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18
Q

Endothelial cells in thyroid?

A

Fenestrations, increased vascularisation

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19
Q

Euthyroid pathologies?

A

Adenomas, cancer and goitre

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20
Q

Euthyroid?

A

Normal function

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21
Q

Hyperthyroid?

A

Graves

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22
Q

Hypothyroid?

A

Hashmitos disease

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23
Q

Why does thyroid gland enlarge?

A

Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of thyroid cells

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24
Q

Problems with thyroidectomy?

A

Tracheomalacia, softening of trachea, which causes it to collapse

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25
Q

Graves’ disease?

A

Auto antibodies stimulate TSH receptors, excess T3 and T4, hyperplasia of thyroid cells.

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26
Q

Infiltrative opthalmopathy?

A

Inflammatory cells/ soft tissue behind eye- proptosis, bulging of the eye

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27
Q

Infiltration dermopathy?

A

Thickening of skin leading to pre-tibial myoxedema.

Low TSH high T3 T4

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28
Q

Graves’ disease cell appearance?

A

Colloid has soap bubble due to hyperactivity

29
Q

Hashmitos disease?

A

Autoimmune, destroying thyroid tissue. Inflammation and thyroid cells replaced by fibrosis tissue.
High TSH and low T3 and T4

30
Q

Follicular adenoma?

A

Benign tumour of follicular cells

31
Q

Papillary carcinoma?

A

75-85%, increase risk of lymph node metastatasis

32
Q

Follicular carcinoma?

A

10-20% metastasises to bone, lung and liver

33
Q

Medullary?

A

5%, arises from c cells of which 20% associated with MEN2

34
Q

Benign vs cancer?

A

Cancer is infiltrative

35
Q

C cells secrete?

A

Calcitonin and found between follicles, it promotes reduction of calcium conc in blood

36
Q

What does PTh do?

A

Control levels of calcium in blood, when low calcium PTH secreted

37
Q

Chief cells have no?

A

Lumen and are separated by prominent vascularity

38
Q

PTH secreted by?

A

Chief cells

39
Q

Hyperplasia of parathyroid gland?

A

All 4 gland

40
Q

Adenoma and hyperplasia both cause?

A

Hypercalcaemia

41
Q

Anaplastic?

A

Poorly differentiated, older people

42
Q

Adrenal cortex arises from?

A

Mesoderm

43
Q

Adrenal medulla arises from?

A

Neurocrest cells

44
Q

Normal adrenal gland look?

A

Yellow filled with lipids

45
Q

Zona reticularis consists of?

A

17 ketosteroids/ sex hormone

46
Q

Aldosterone role?

A

Absorption of sodium

47
Q

Zona reticularis look?

A

Smaller, darker staining cells

48
Q

Zona fasciculata looks?

A

Clear cells arranged in cords

49
Q

Zona glomerulosa looks?

A

Closely packed round cells?

50
Q

Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Excess cortisol

51
Q

Conns?

A

Excess aldosterone

52
Q

Adrenocortical insufficiency?

A

Addison’s disease

53
Q

Adrenal medulla secretions result in?

A

Vasoconstriction, increase heart rate and blood sugar levels

54
Q

Adrenal medulla vs adrenal cortex cells?

A

Darker because neuroendocrine

55
Q

Pheochromocytoma in relation to hypertension?

A

0.1-0.3% cause treatable of hypertension

56
Q

Pheochromocytoma is a 10% tumour?

A

10% are of MEN2, bilateral, arises in childhood, malignant, extra-adrenal

57
Q

Infiltrative dermopathy?

A

Thickening and induration of skin on anterior shin- pre-tibial.
High T4 and T4 low TSH

58
Q

Carcinoma of thyroid types?

A
  1. Papillary
  2. Follicular
  3. Medullary
  4. Anaplastic less than 5%
59
Q

What is pheochromocytoma due to?

A

High levels of catecholamine

60
Q

Chromophobes have…?

A

No specific staining pattern

61
Q

Spave occupying effect of unctional or nonfunctioning adenomas can cause?

A

Headaches, vomiting nausea diplopia (double vision) impaired vision

62
Q

Anaplastic tumour?

A

Less than 5%, older patients more prognosis

63
Q

Thyroid carcinoma?

A

Papillary, follicular, medullary, anaplastic

64
Q

What is origin of medullary carcinoma?

A

C cells

65
Q

Size of normal PTH gland?

A

2g, 6mm

66
Q

Adreocortical hyperactivity could be due to?

A

Hyperplasia, adenoma, cancer
Cushings
Conns
Adrenogenital syndrome

67
Q

Adrenocortical insufficiency due to?

A

Addisons

68
Q

Space occupying effect of adenomas?

A

Headaches vomiting, nausea diplopia and impaired vision

203 (74 decks)

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