Histology And Pathology Of The Endocrine System

Question 1

What does hormone mean?

Answer 1

To excite

Question 2

Paracrine action?

Answer 2

Action of hormone on adjacent cells

Question 3

What kind of cells are endocrine glands made of?

Answer 3

cuboidal secretory cells supported by myoepithelial cells, which contract

Question 4

Which glands have no lumen?

Answer 4

Pituitary and parathyroid glands

Question 5

Pituitary is divided into 2:

Answer 5

Adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis

Question 6

Basophils secretes?

Answer 6

FSH, TSH and LH

Question 7

What is ACTH secreted by?

Answer 7

Chromophobes and basophils

Question 8

Acidophils?

Answer 8

Take up acidic dyes look pinkish

Question 9

Basophils look?

Answer 9

Take us basic dyes- Blue

Question 10

Somatotroph target organ?

Answer 10

Bones and other organs

Question 11

Lack of ADH results in?

Answer 11

Diabetes insipidus

Question 12

Pituitary adenomas?

Answer 12

Benign arising form anterior lobe

Question 13

Intracranial neoplasms- pituitary percentage?

Answer 13

10%

Question 14

Pituitary tumour affecting optic chiasma?

Answer 14

Bitemporal hemianopsia, loss of vision of outer half

Question 15

Lack of iodine?

Answer 15

Enlarged thyroid gland, goitre

Enlarges to take up max iodine

Question 16

How much does thyroid gland weigh?

Answer 16

35-45 grams

Question 17

Follicles contain?

Answer 17

Pink colloids, eosinophillic

Question 18

Endothelial cells in thyroid?

Answer 18

Fenestrations, increased vascularisation

Question 19

Euthyroid pathologies?

Answer 19

Adenomas, cancer and goitre

Question 20

Euthyroid?

Answer 20

Normal function

Question 21

Hyperthyroid?

Answer 21

Graves

Question 22

Hypothyroid?

Answer 22

Hashmitos disease

Question 23

Why does thyroid gland enlarge?

Answer 23

Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of thyroid cells

Question 24

Problems with thyroidectomy?

Answer 24

Tracheomalacia, softening of trachea, which causes it to collapse

Question 25

Graves’ disease?

Answer 25

Auto antibodies stimulate TSH receptors, excess T3 and T4, hyperplasia of thyroid cells.

Question 26

Infiltrative opthalmopathy?

Answer 26

Inflammatory cells/ soft tissue behind eye- proptosis, bulging of the eye

Question 27

Infiltration dermopathy?

Answer 27

Thickening of skin leading to pre-tibial myoxedema. | Low TSH high T3 T4

Question 28

Graves’ disease cell appearance?

Answer 28

Colloid has soap bubble due to hyperactivity

Question 29

Hashmitos disease?

Answer 29

Autoimmune, destroying thyroid tissue. Inflammation and thyroid cells replaced by fibrosis tissue. High TSH and low T3 and T4

Question 30

Follicular adenoma?

Answer 30

Benign tumour of follicular cells

Question 31

Papillary carcinoma?

Answer 31

75-85%, increase risk of lymph node metastatasis

Question 32

Follicular carcinoma?

Answer 32

10-20% metastasises to bone, lung and liver

Question 33

Medullary?

Answer 33

5%, arises from c cells of which 20% associated with MEN2

Question 34

Benign vs cancer?

Answer 34

Cancer is infiltrative

Question 35

C cells secrete?

Answer 35

Calcitonin and found between follicles, it promotes reduction of calcium conc in blood

Question 36

What does PTh do?

Answer 36

Control levels of calcium in blood, when low calcium PTH secreted

Question 37

Chief cells have no?

Answer 37

Lumen and are separated by prominent vascularity

Question 38

PTH secreted by?

Answer 38

Chief cells

Question 39

Hyperplasia of parathyroid gland?

Answer 39

All 4 gland

Question 40

Adenoma and hyperplasia both cause?

Answer 40

Hypercalcaemia

Question 41

Anaplastic?

Answer 41

Poorly differentiated, older people

Question 42

Adrenal cortex arises from?

Answer 42

Mesoderm

Question 43

Adrenal medulla arises from?

Answer 43

Neurocrest cells

Question 44

Normal adrenal gland look?

Answer 44

Yellow filled with lipids

Question 45

Zona reticularis consists of?

Answer 45

17 ketosteroids/ sex hormone

Question 46

Aldosterone role?

Answer 46

Absorption of sodium

Question 47

Zona reticularis look?

Answer 47

Smaller, darker staining cells

Question 48

Zona fasciculata looks?

Answer 48

Clear cells arranged in cords

Question 49

Zona glomerulosa looks?

Answer 49

Closely packed round cells?

Question 50

Cushing’s syndrome?

Answer 50

Excess cortisol

Question 51

Conns?

Answer 51

Excess aldosterone

Question 52

Adrenocortical insufficiency?

Answer 52

Addison’s disease

Question 53

Adrenal medulla secretions result in?

Answer 53

Vasoconstriction, increase heart rate and blood sugar levels

Question 54

Adrenal medulla vs adrenal cortex cells?

Answer 54

Darker because neuroendocrine

Question 55

Pheochromocytoma in relation to hypertension?

Answer 55

0.1-0.3% cause treatable of hypertension

Question 56

Pheochromocytoma is a 10% tumour?

Answer 56

10% are of MEN2, bilateral, arises in childhood, malignant, extra-adrenal

Question 57

Infiltrative dermopathy?

Answer 57

Thickening and induration of skin on anterior shin- pre-tibial. High T4 and T4 low TSH

Question 58

Carcinoma of thyroid types?

Answer 58

1. Papillary 2. Follicular 3. Medullary 4. Anaplastic less than 5%

Question 59

What is pheochromocytoma due to?

Answer 59

High levels of catecholamine

Question 60

Chromophobes have…?

Answer 60

No specific staining pattern

Question 61

Spave occupying effect of unctional or nonfunctioning adenomas can cause?

Answer 61

Headaches, vomiting nausea diplopia (double vision) impaired vision

Question 62

Anaplastic tumour?

Answer 62

Less than 5%, older patients more prognosis

Question 63

Thyroid carcinoma?

Answer 63

Papillary, follicular, medullary, anaplastic

Question 64

What is origin of medullary carcinoma?

Answer 64

C cells

Question 65

Size of normal PTH gland?

Answer 65

2g, 6mm

Question 66

Adreocortical hyperactivity could be due to?

Answer 66

Hyperplasia, adenoma, cancer Cushings Conns Adrenogenital syndrome

Question 67

Adrenocortical insufficiency due to?

Answer 67

Addisons

Question 68

Space occupying effect of adenomas?

Answer 68

Headaches vomiting, nausea diplopia and impaired vision