Diabetes

Question 1

Cost to NHS?

Answer 1

14 billion

Question 2

How much money for prescription for diabetes?

Answer 2

1 in every 8

Question 3

Clinical diagnosis?

Answer 3

Equal or more 11.1 mmol/l and symptoms

Question 4

HbA1c value?

Answer 4

More than 48mmol/mol

Question 5

75g glucose tolerance test?

Answer 5

Fasting- more than 7mmol/l

2 hour > 11.1 mmol/l

Question 6

What causes problem?

Answer 6

Deposition of amyloid derived from islet amyloid polypeptide polymers.

Abnormal beta cells

Insulin resistance

Question 7

Fetal programming epigenetic factors?

Answer 7

Intrauterine growth retardation

And maternal hyperglycaemia results in reduced beta cell mass

Question 8

Ectopic fat makes?

Answer 8

Free fatty acids- insulin resistance and atherogenic lipid

Cytokines- insulin resistance, inflammation

Procoagulant factors PAI1

Question 9

What percent of diabetes is attributed to preventable factors?

Answer 9

96

Question 10

How does Cataract happen?

Answer 10

Increased generation of polyols from glucose

Question 11

1% reduction in glucose hba1c means?

Answer 11

19% reduction in cataract risk

Question 12

Glycosylation of connective tissue?

Answer 12

Addition of carbohydrate group. Cheiroarthopathy, limited joint mobility.

Question 13

Atherosclerotic lesion process?

Answer 13

1. Dyslipoporteinaemia
2. Inflammation
3. Thrombosis

Question 14

Treatment for dyslipaemia?

Answer 14

Statins

Question 15

Screening of kidneys?

Answer 15

Urine albumin
BP
ACE inhibitors and ARBs

Question 16

Best obesity surgery?

Answer 16

Roux en y bypass

Question 17

T2D education programmes?

Answer 17

Desmond

Question 18

Treatment for hypertension?

Answer 18

Aspirin

Question 19

Treatment for eyes?

Answer 19

Retinal photography

Laser treatment

Question 20

For kidneys treatment?

Answer 20

Meausre urine albumin
Control bp
Ace inhibitors and arbs

Question 21

HbAic goal

Answer 21

6.5-7.5

Question 22

Bp goal

Answer 22

120-140/80

Question 23

Ldl goal

Answer 23

<2 mmol/l

Question 24

Non HDL cholestrol?

Answer 24

<2.78

Question 25

How prevalence of diabetes type 2 in UK?

Answer 25

4.6 million

Question 26

Impaired glucose tolerance levels?

Answer 26

Between 7 and 11.1 mmol/l

Question 27

Impaired fasting glucose levels?

Answer 27

6-6.9mmol/l

Question 28

What may be causing diabetes?

Answer 28

Islet amyloid polypeptide IAPP is secreted from pancreatic islet B cells and coverted to amyloid deposits in t2d

Question 29

Other possible aerological factors causing diabetes?

Answer 29

Age Ectopic fat in pancreas Change in gut microbiota Glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity

Question 30

What are the problems with t2D?

Answer 30

``` Hyperglycaemia Dysregulation of lipid metabolism High levels of proinflammatory cytokines High levels of free radicals Increased susceptibility of infections ```

Question 31

Fractures in diabetes?

Answer 31

Increased x2

Question 32

If you reduce hba1c by 1% then micro vascular complications go down by?

Answer 32

37

Question 33

Type 2 diabetes education programmes?

Answer 33

Desmond

Question 34

Treatment for hypertension?

Answer 34

Aspirin