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203 > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

Cost to NHS?

A

14 billion

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2
Q

How much money for prescription for diabetes?

A

1 in every 8

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3
Q

Clinical diagnosis?

A

Equal or more 11.1 mmol/l and symptoms

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4
Q

HbA1c value?

A

More than 48mmol/mol

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5
Q

75g glucose tolerance test?

A

Fasting- more than 7mmol/l

2 hour > 11.1 mmol/l

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6
Q

What causes problem?

A

Deposition of amyloid derived from islet amyloid polypeptide polymers.

Abnormal beta cells

Insulin resistance

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7
Q

Fetal programming epigenetic factors?

A

Intrauterine growth retardation

And maternal hyperglycaemia results in reduced beta cell mass

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8
Q

Ectopic fat makes?

A

Free fatty acids- insulin resistance and atherogenic lipid

Cytokines- insulin resistance, inflammation

Procoagulant factors PAI1

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9
Q

What percent of diabetes is attributed to preventable factors?

A

96

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10
Q

How does Cataract happen?

A

Increased generation of polyols from glucose

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11
Q

1% reduction in glucose hba1c means?

A

19% reduction in cataract risk

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12
Q

Glycosylation of connective tissue?

A

Addition of carbohydrate group. Cheiroarthopathy, limited joint mobility.

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13
Q

Atherosclerotic lesion process?

A
  1. Dyslipoporteinaemia
  2. Inflammation
  3. Thrombosis
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14
Q

Treatment for dyslipaemia?

A

Statins

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15
Q

Screening of kidneys?

A

Urine albumin
BP
ACE inhibitors and ARBs

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16
Q

Best obesity surgery?

A

Roux en y bypass

17
Q

T2D education programmes?

A

Desmond

18
Q

Treatment for hypertension?

A

Aspirin

19
Q

Treatment for eyes?

A

Retinal photography

Laser treatment

20
Q

For kidneys treatment?

A

Meausre urine albumin
Control bp
Ace inhibitors and arbs

21
Q

HbAic goal

A

6.5-7.5

22
Q

Bp goal

A

120-140/80

23
Q

Ldl goal

A

<2 mmol/l

24
Q

Non HDL cholestrol?

A

<2.78

25
Q

How prevalence of diabetes type 2 in UK?

A

4.6 million

26
Q

Impaired glucose tolerance levels?

A

Between 7 and 11.1 mmol/l

27
Q

Impaired fasting glucose levels?

A

6-6.9mmol/l

28
Q

What may be causing diabetes?

A

Islet amyloid polypeptide IAPP is secreted from pancreatic islet B cells and coverted to amyloid deposits in t2d

29
Q

Other possible aerological factors causing diabetes?

A

Age
Ectopic fat in pancreas
Change in gut microbiota
Glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity

30
Q

What are the problems with t2D?

A 
Hyperglycaemia
Dysregulation of lipid metabolism
High levels of proinflammatory cytokines
High levels of free radicals
Increased susceptibility of infections
31
Q

Fractures in diabetes?

A

Increased x2

32
Q

If you reduce hba1c by 1% then micro vascular complications go down by?

A

37

33
Q

Type 2 diabetes education programmes?

A

Desmond

34
Q

Treatment for hypertension?

A

Aspirin

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