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203 > Pathology Of The Reproductive Tract > Flashcards

Pathology Of The Reproductive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What type of epithelium in labia minors and majora?

A

Stratified squamous

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2
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Stimulates maturation of squamous epithelial cells

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3
Q

Where is glycogen formed?

A

Squamous epithelial cells

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4
Q

Which vaginal anaerobic organisms are present?

A

Lactobacillus

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5
Q

What do lactobacillus do?

A

Produce lactic acid keeping vaginal pH below 4.5, glycogen formed by squamous epithelial cells is a substrate

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6
Q

White areas in picture are?

A

Where glycogen is being processed

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7
Q

Where are the blood vessels?

A

Within the stroma, none past bm in epithelium

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8
Q

Endocervix cells?

A

Single layer of tall mucin producing columnar cells, oval nuclei, with clefts protruding into stroma

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9
Q

How does cervix change in puberty?

A

Lips of cervix grow,
Distal end of endocervix opens , endocervical mucosa becomes exposed to acidic vaginal environment and then undergoes metaplasia

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10
Q

Disease, cancer starts where?

A

Transformation zone

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11
Q

What happens at distal endocervical columnar epithelium?

A

Squamous metaplasia by progenitor cells (reserve cells)

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12
Q

Metaplasia?

A

Transformation of cell type from one kind of mature differentiated cells type to another kind of mature differentiated cell type

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13
Q

Pathological metaplasia?

A

Barrett’s oesophagus

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14
Q

Metaplasia stages?

A

Begins thin and delicate (proliferation and incomplete maturation)

Then stronger and well formed such as ectocervix

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15
Q

What is myometrium made of?

A

Bundles of smooth muscle, vasculature and nerves

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16
Q

During menstrual cycle what changes?

A

Endometrium

17
Q

Endometrium has how many layers in Proliferation phase

A
  1. Tubular glands (mitosis)
  2. specialised stroma
  3. blood vessels

This is what breaks down

18
Q

Endometrial secretory phase?

A

Cork screw glands (secretion)
Specialised stroma
Blood vessels

19
Q

Nomenclature of neoplasms?

A

Behaviour: benign or malignant

Histogenesis: according to tissues from which neoplasms arise and what they consist

20
Q

Benign neoplasms?

A
  1. Remains localised and doesn’t invade surrounding tissues
  2. Generally grow slowly
  3. Good resemblance of parent tissue
21
Q

Leiomyoma?

A

Benign neoplasms of smooth muscle of myometrium

22
Q

Consequences of benign neoplasms?

A
  1. Pressure on adjacent tissue
  2. Obstruction of lumen of a hollow organ
  3. Hormone production (erythropoetin produce polycythameia)
  4. Transformation into a malignant neoplasm
  5. Symptoms for the patient
23
Q

Pressure on adjacent tissue?

A

On bladder so increase in frequency, rectosigmoid causing constipation

24
Q

Obstruction to lumen of hollow organ?

A

Ureters and blocking endocervix

25
Q

Symptoms of benign neoplasms?

A

Abnormal uterine bleeding, pain

26
Q

Malignant?

A
  1. Invade into surrounding tissues
  2. Spread via lymphatics to lymph nodes (regional) and blood vessels to other sites (metastasis)
  3. May grow relatively quickly
  4. Variable resemblance to parent tissue
27
Q

How does malignant neoplastic tissue look?

A
  1. loss of differentiation
  2. loss of cellular cohesion (separated off)
  3. enlarged irregular dark nuclei
  4. increased numbers of mitoses
28
Q

Consequences of malignant neoplasms?

A
  1. Destruction of adjacent tissue
  2. Metastasis
  3. Blood loss from ulcerated surfaces
  4. Obstruction of a hollow viscera
  5. Production of hormones
  6. Weight loss and debility
29
Q

Carcinoma?

A

Malignant epithelial tumour

30
Q

Carcinomas of glandular epithelium?

A

Adenomacarcinoma

31
Q

Malignant stromal tumours?

A

Sarcomas

32
Q

What do skenes glands do?

A

Located on either side of urethra and help with urination and cleanliness

33
Q

Junction between ectocervix and endocervix is called?

A

Squamo-columnar junction

203 (74 decks)

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