Toxicology I Flashcards
what is the primary determinant of toxicity?
dose
what is the secondary determinant of toxicity?
time present in body
definition: LD50
dose at which 50% of test animals die / 50% of people have toxicity
a poison typically has what LD value?
less than or equal to 50 mg / kg body weight
definition: therapeutic index
how is it interpreted?
LD50 / ED50
the larger the number, the safer the drug
what are two general antidotes that can be given to treat unconscious patients upon presentation at the hospital?
glucose
naloxone
what are toxidromes? what is their use?
known toxicology standards
used to compare drug or chemical response
which lab test can be performed in under 2 hours for drug identification?
urine
what are the urine drug tests?
immunoassay
TLC
what are the urine/blood tests for quantitative drug identification?
HPLC
GCMS
what are the emesis inducer agents?
apomorphine
ipecac
activated charcoal should be administered within what time frame?
30 minutes
what is the clinical use for pralidoxime?
organophosphate poisoning
what agent is used as an antidote for organophosphate poisoning?
pralidoxime
pralidoxime is usually coadministered with what other agent?
atropine
what are the chelation antidotes?
pralidoxime
amyl nitrite
what is the antidote therapy for cyanide poisoning?
amyl nitrite
sodium nitrite
sodium thiosulfate with O2
what is the clinical use for amyl nitrite?
cyanide poisoning
what is the treatment for botulism toxin poisoning?
trivalent antitoxin
what is the treatment for heavy metal poisoning?
chelation
what is BAL? what is it used for?
british anti-lewisite, demercaprol
chelation therapy for heavy metal poisoning
what chemical moiety is usually present in heavy metal chelators?
disulfide bridges
what is the therapeutic use for DMSA?
treatment of arsenic, mercury, lead poisoning
what agent is used for treatment of arsenic, mercury, lead poisoning?
DMSA
what is the therapeutic use for trivalent antitoxin?
botulism A, B, E
what is the order of administration for antidotes in cyanide poisoning?
amyl nitrite
sodium nitrite
sodium thiosulfate
methanol is converted into formaldehyde and formic acid by what enzyme?
alcohol dehydrogenase
alcohol dehydrogenase catalyzes what reaction?
alcohol (ethanol / methanol) to acetaldehyde
what drugs can be used to treat methanol poisoning?
ethanol
fomepizole blocks what enzyme? what is the result?
alcohol dehydrogenase
prevents production of toxic metabolites
what is the treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning?
artificial respiration with pure O2 to promote displacement of CO, hyperbaric oxygen chamber if symptomatic
cherry red lips / gums are indicative of toxicity of what substance?
CO
what is the main physical symptomology of CO poisoning?
cherry red lips / gums
