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Year 2 Pharmacology > Topical agents > Flashcards

Topical agents Flashcards

1
Q

what are the living layers of the epidermis?

A

basal
spinous
granular

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2
Q

in which epidermal layer does most of the cell division occur?

A

basal

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3
Q

which epidermal layer synthesizes the most epidermal proteins?

A

spinous

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4
Q

which epidermal layer is the major barrier to percutaneous absorption? why?

A

corneum

lipid-enriched extracellular matrix with lipid bilayers produced by corneocytes

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5
Q

definition: corneocytes

A

flattened and lipid-depleted keratinocytes composed of keratin granules

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6
Q

what are the absorption pathways of intact skin?

A
  1. appendages (shunt)
  2. transcellular (corneocytes)
  3. intracellular lipid domains
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7
Q

what is the most common absorption route for small uncharged molecules?

A

intracellular lipid domains

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8
Q

which vehicles are convenient for scalp and hairy areas?

A 
lotions 
gels 
solution 
foams 
aerosols
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9
Q

which vehicles are convenient for intertrigous areas (rubbing) without causing maceration?

A

creams
lotions
solutions

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10
Q 
lotions 
gels 
solution 
foams 
aerosols

are useful for what areas?

A

scalp and hairy

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11
Q

creams
lotions
solutions

are useful for what areas?

A

intertrigous areas (rubbing) without causing maceration

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12
Q

what vehicle is best for dry and scaly skin?

A

ointment

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13
Q

what vehicle is best for wet and oozing skin?

A

tinctures

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14
Q

ointment is best for what type of skin?

A

dry and scaly

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15
Q

tinctures are best for what type of skin?

A

wet and oozing

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16
Q

what is the rate limiting step for percutaneous absorption?

A

passage through corneum

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17
Q

definition: partition coefficient

A

partitioning of drug from vehicle into stratum corneum

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18
Q

definition: drug diffusion coefficient

A

molecular aspects of the drug allowing diffusion across skin layers

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19
Q

what does Fick’s law describe?

A

rate of absorption or flux of substance across barrier

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20
Q

what are the drug factors affecting PCA?

A

concentration
lipophilicity
molecular size

21
Q

how does hydration of skin affect PCA?

A

increase

22
Q

is there first pass metabolism of topical drugs?

A

no

23
Q

what are the general drug classes used to treat acne?

A 
antibiotics 
retinoids 
salicylic acid 
oral contraceptives 
anti-androgens
24
Q

what is the primary bacterium responsible for acne?

A

proprionibacterium acnes

25
Q

what is the main way to reduce the effects of acne?

A

reduce sebum production

26
Q

what are the topical agents used to treat acne?

A 
erythromycin  
clindamycin 
metronidazole 
sodium sulfacetamide 
azelaic acid 
benzoyl peroxide 
salicylic acid
27
Q

what is the MOA of benzoyl peroxidase?

A

comedolytic (destroys plugs)

keratolytic (dries and desquamates)

28
Q

what are the MOAs of salicylic acid?

A

increases solubilization of stratum corneum by altering keratin by breaking hydrogen bonds

clears comedones by desquamation

29
Q

retinoid agents are used for what purposes?

A

acne
psoriasis
skin aging
skin cancer

30
Q

what are the adverse effects of the retinoids?

A

photosensitivity

31
Q

tretinoin is what class of drug?

A

retinoid

32
Q

what are the therapeutic uses for tretinoin?

A

acne

photoaging

33
Q

what is the MOA of tretinoin?

A
  1. decrease cohesiveness of follicular epithelial cells responsible for producing microcomedones
  2. comedolytic
  3. reduces keratinization
34
Q

tretinoin whould NOT be applied in combination with what other drug? why?

A

benzoyl peroxide

BP inactivates it

35
Q

what is the main adverse effect of tretinoin?

A

pregnancy (category C - possible to use but caution)

photosensitivity

36
Q

adapalene is what class of drug?

A

retinoid

37
Q

which retinoid can be combined with benzoyl peroxide?

A

adapalene

38
Q

what is the MOA of isotretinoin?

A

suppress sebum production by inducing apoptosis in sebum producing cells of sebaceous glands

39
Q

what is the primary adverse effect of isotretinoin?

A

teratogenesis

40
Q

what class of drug is tazarotene?

A

retinoid

41
Q

what class of drug is isotretinoin?

A

retinoid

42
Q

which drugs inhibit sebaceous gland function?

A

antiandrogens
oral contraceptives
isoretinoin

43
Q

what class of drug is acitrecin? what is the therapeutic use?

A

retinoid

psoriasis (severe, recalcitrant)

44
Q

what increases the elimination time of acitrecin?

A

alcohol

45
Q

what class of drug is calcipotriene? what is the therapeutic use?

A

vitamin D receptor antagonist

psoriasis - moderate to severe

46
Q

what are the strength ratings of hydrocortisone, mometasone furoate, and clobetasol proprionate?

A

hydrocortisone - low
mometasone furoate - intermediate
clobetasol proprionate- high

47
Q

what constitutes photochemical therapy? what are the therapeutic uses?

A

psoralen plus UVA light

alopecia
cutaneous T cell lymphoma
eczema
psoriasis

48
Q

what are the psoralen agents?

A

methoxsalen

trioxsalen

Year 2 Pharmacology (70 decks)

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