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Year 2 Pharmacology > Herbal medications > Flashcards

Herbal medications Flashcards

1
Q

what are the problems with evidence of effectiveness for dietary supplements?

A
  1. lack of large double blind RCTs

2. doses and formulations vary between studies

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2
Q

what is the caveat to regulatory companies like USP?

A

do not ensure safety or effectiveness

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3
Q

what is the role of regulatory companies like USP?

A

ensure that manufacturing and quality have been tested

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4
Q

what is the main therapeutic use for echinacea?

A

decrease duration and intensity of common cold

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5
Q

what are the results of in vitro and animal model studies of echinacea?

A
  1. immune modulating (increase cytokine production)
  2. antiinflammatory (inhibits COX)
  3. increase number of immunological blood cells
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6
Q

what are the adverse effects of echinacea?

A

rash
severe thrombocytopenia
inhibitor of cyp

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7
Q

echinacea is contraindicated in what population?

A

immunodepressed

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8
Q

what are the therapeutic uses for gingko biloba?

A

treatment / prevention of alzheimers

peripheral vascular disease

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9
Q

what are the effects of gingko biloba on the CNS (in animal studies)?

A

increase in 5-HT receptor density

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10
Q

what are the adverse effects of gingko?

A

antiplatelet
bleeding
diarrhea
anxiety

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11
Q

most clinical studies have used what formulation of garlic?

A

dried and powdered

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12
Q

what are the primary uses for garlic?

A

atherosclerosis
high cholesterol
HTN

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13
Q

what are the mechanisms by which garlic can attenuate elevated BP?

A
  1. inhibit ACE
  2. increase NO
  3. increase H2S production

all enhance vasodilation

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14
Q

what is the main adverse effect of garlic?

A

bleeding

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15
Q

what is the primary intended use for ginseng?

A

boost immune system, stamina, mental and physical performance

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16
Q

what are the adverse effects of ginseng?

A

CNS stimulation
irritability
manic behavior

17
Q

ginseng has drug interactions with what other drugs?

A

autoimmune disorders
anticoagulants
antiplatelets
antipsychotics

18
Q

what is the primary intended use of milkthistle?

A

liver disease

19
Q

what are some of the proposed MOAs of milkthistle?

A

reducing collagen accumulation (mouse livers)

prevention of HCV into liver cells (in vitro)

20
Q

what is the primary use of st johns wort?

A

antidepressant

21
Q

what is the proposed MOA of st johns wort?

A

inhibit reuptake of serotonin, DA, NE (in vitro)

22
Q

what is the main adverse effect of st johns wort? why?

A

decreased serum concentrations of other drugs

inducer of cyp enzymes

23
Q

what is the primary intended use of saw palmetto?

A

BPH

24
Q

what is the primary intended use of glucosamine and chondroitin?

A

osteoarthritis

25
Q

what are the main adverse effects of glucosamine and chondroitin?

A

enhancement of anticoagulant effects of warfarin

increase fasting blood glucose

26
Q

what is the main adverse effect of melatonin?

A

decrease sperm quality in men

reduce luteinizing hormone in women

27
Q

butterbur is used as an herbal supplement for what condition?

A

migraine

28
Q

which herbal supplements are used to treat migraines?

A

butterbur
feverfew
coenzyme Q

29
Q

what are the primary uses for coQ10?

A 
reduce statin induced myopathy 
HTN 
ischemic heart disease 
neurodegenerative disorders 
migraine
30
Q

what is the main contraindication for coQ10 use?

A

warfarin

31
Q

what are the primary intended uses for fish oil?

A

hypertriglyceridemia

CV disease

32
Q

which drug has seizures as an adverse effect?

A

gingko

33
Q

which drugs hae bleeding as an adverse effect?

A

gingko
garlic
glucosamine / chondroitin

34
Q

which drug has reproductive dysfunction as an adverse effect?

A

melatonin

35
Q

which drugs have immune modulation as an adverse effect?

A

echinacea

gingseng

36
Q

which drug has drug metabolism as an adverse effect?

A

st johns wort

Year 2 Pharmacology (70 decks)

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