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Year 2 Pharmacology > GI pharmacology II > Flashcards

GI pharmacology II Flashcards

1
Q

what is the result of D2 receptor stimulation in the GI smooth muscle?

A

prevent release of Ach / neuronal firing (decrease motility, negative regulator)

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2
Q

what are the prokinetic agents?

A
  1. metoclopramide
  2. bethanechol
  3. neostigmine
  4. erythromycin
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3
Q

what is the mechanism of action of metoclopramide?

A

D2 antagonist

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4
Q

what is the mechanism of action of bethanechol?

A

M3 agonist

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5
Q

what is the mechanism of action of neostigmine?

A

AchE inhibitor

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6
Q

what is the mechanism of action of erythromycin?

A

motilin receptor agonist

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7
Q

what are the common osmotic agent laxatives?

A
  1. magnesium hydroxide
  2. sorbitol
  3. lactulose
  4. polyethylene glycol (PEG)
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8
Q

what are the mechanisms by which stimulant laxatives work?

A
  1. stimulation of ENS
  2. induces leaky mucosa
  3. inhibition of sodium uptake by gut
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9
Q

what are the common stimulant laxatives?

A
  1. anthraquinone (aloe, senna)
  2. castor oil
  3. diphenylmethane derivatives
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10
Q

what is the mechanism of action for the serotonin receptor laxatives?

A
  1. activation of 5-HT4 receptors promotes NT release in ENS resulting in motility
  2. decrease firing of extrinsic sensory neurons to the CNS (block pain)
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11
Q

what is the mechanism of action for chloride channel activating laxatives?

A
  1. activation of chloride ion channel 2 (CIC2) from luminal side
  2. increase luminal concentration of chloride in the gut leading to accumulation of sodium and water
  3. motility and softer stool
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12
Q

what is the effect of mu opioid receptor antagonist laxatives?

A

prevention of constipation without decrease in pain management (cannot penetrate BBB)

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13
Q

what kind of agent is tegaserod?

A

laxative - serotonin partial agonist

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14
Q

what kind of agent is lubiprostone?

A

laxative - chloride channel activator

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15
Q

what kind of agent is methylnaltrexone?

A

laxative - mu opioid receptor antagonist

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16
Q

what kind of agent is alvimopan?

A

laxative - mu opioid receptor antagonist

17
Q

how do opioids alter GI smooth muscle?

A
  1. decrease perisaltic contractions
  2. increased segmental contractions (mixing)
  3. increased internal anal spincter tone
  4. decreased perception of GI distension
18
Q

how do the bismuth antidiarrheal agents work?

A

inhibition of PG synthesis and absorption of toxins

19
Q

what kind of agent is octreotide?

A

somatostatin analog that inhibits motility and promotes fluid absorption

20
Q

what type of drug is loperamide (Imodium)? what is the mechanism of action?

A
  1. antidiarrheal

2. opioid agonist

21
Q

what type of drug is diphenoxylate (Lomotil)? what is the mechanism of action?

A
  1. antidiarrheal

2. opioid agonist

22
Q

what type of drug is bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol)? what is the mechanism of action?

A
  1. antidiarrheal

2. inhibits PG synthesis

23
Q

what type of drug is cholestyramine (Prevalite)? what is the mechanism of action?

A
  1. antidiarrheal

2. binds bile salts and bile acids

24
Q

what type of drug is octreotide (Sandostatin)? what is the mechanism of action?

A
  1. antidiarrheal

2. somatostatin receptor agonist

25
Q

what are the key vestibular receptors involved in the emetic response?

A

H and M

26
Q

what type of agent is odansetron (Zofran)? what is the mechanism of action?

A
  1. antiemetic - direct

2. 5-HT3 blocker

27
Q

what type of drug is scopolamine? what is the mechanism of action?

A
  1. antiemetic - direct (MOTION SICKNESS)

2. M1 antagonist

28
Q

what type of drug is metoclopramide (Octamide)? what is the mechanism of action?

A
  1. antiemetic - dierct

2. D2 antagonist

29
Q

what type of drug is dimenhydrinate (Dramamine)? what is the mechanism of action?

A
  1. antiemetic - direct (MOTION SICKNESS)

2. H1 antagonist

30
Q

what type of drug is aprepitant (Emend)? what is the mechanism of action?

A
  1. antiemetic - direct

2. NK1 antagonist

31
Q

what type of drug is prochlorperazine (Compro)? what is the mechanism of action?

A
  1. antiemetic - direct

2. M1, D2, H1 antagonist

32
Q

what type of drug is lorazepam (Ativan)? what is the mechanism of action?

A
  1. antiemetic - indirect (anxiety, chemotherapy)

2. GABA agonist

33
Q

what type of drug is nabilone (cesamet)? what is the mechanism of action?

A
  1. antiemetic - indirect

2. cannabinoid agonist

34
Q

what type of drug is dexamethasone? what is the mechanism of action?

A
  1. antiemetic - indirect

2. glucocorticoid agonist

Year 2 Pharmacology (70 decks)

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