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Human Body (Anatomy) > Thorax 10: Superior, Anterior, Posterior Mediastinum > Flashcards

Thorax 10: Superior, Anterior, Posterior Mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

Superior mediastinum

A

The top section of the mediastinum, running from the superior thoracic inlet to the transverse thoracic plane

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2
Q

Transverse thoracic plane

A

The plane at the sternal angle

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3
Q

What are the structures found in the superior mediastinum?

A

Thymus, trachea, esophagus, brachiocephalic veins, SVC, aortic arch, brachiocephalic trunk, left subclavian and common carotid arteries; vagus nerve, phrenic nerve, cardiac plexus, left recurrent laryngeal nerve, thoracic duct, left superior intercostal vein

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4
Q

Thymus

A

A fat lymphoid organ of loosely organized collection of interconnected lymphoid lobules found in the anterior and superior mediastinum that mostly involutes in adults. It is the site of T-cell maturation

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5
Q

How are T-cells activated inside the thymus?

A

Thymic interdigitating cells present normal self components to maturing T-cells, which may activate some T-cells

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6
Q

Clonal deletion

A

The apoptosis of self-activating T-cells (T-cells that activate to self-antigens in the thymus)

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7
Q

How are T-cells activated outside the thymus?

A

They are exposed to antigens by antigen presenting cells

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8
Q

How does the thymus develop?

A

Pocketing of epithelium cells of the 3rd pharyngeal arches. Neural crest cells are involved

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9
Q

What is the role of the epithelium in thymus development?

A

They make the blood-thymus barrier and help T-cells develop

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10
Q

Thymus cortex

A

The outer layer of the thymus, formed by T-lymphocytes, thymic epithelial cells, and thymic dendritic cells

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11
Q

Thymus medula

A

The inner layer of the thymus

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12
Q

Hassal’s corpuscles

A

Onion-like structures in the thymus that are mostly degenerative

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13
Q

Thymus capsule

A

The layer on the outside of the thymus cortex

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14
Q

Why is the blood-thymus barrier important?

A

It keeps antigens out until T-cells are mature

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15
Q

Lymphatics in the thymus

A

There are none

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16
Q

Septae

A

Insertions into the thymus cortex where arteries enter the thymus

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17
Q

What type of cells form the blood-thymus barrier?

A

Epithelio-reticular cells

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18
Q

What nerves are found in the superior mediastinum?

A

Phrenic nerves, left vagus nerve, left recurrent laryngeal, right vagus nerve

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19
Q

Where is the left vagus nerve located?

A

Lateral to aortic arch

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20
Q

Where is the right vagus nerve located?

A

Dorsal to the aortic arch, on trachea and esophagus

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21
Q

Where is the left recurrent laryngeal nerve located?

A

Medial to aortic arch

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22
Q

What is found in the anterior mediastinum?

A

Thymus, sternopericardial ligaments, branches of internal thoracic vessels, lymph nodes

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23
Q

What is found in the posterior mediastinum?

A

Thoracic aorta and its branches, azygous system, sympathetic trunk, thoracic splanchnic nerves, vagus nerves, esophagus, thoracic duct, lymph nodes

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24
Q

With regards to the spinal cord, where does the esophagus run?

A

C6 - T11

25
Q

Where does the esophagus enter the thoracic cavity?

A

Superior thoracic aperture

26
Q

Where does the esophagus leave the thoracic cavity?

A

Esophogeal hiatus of the diaphragm (at T10)

27
Q

What innervates the esophagus

A

Esophageal plexus

28
Q

What supplies blood to the esophagus?

A

Esophageal branches of the aorta

29
Q

What is the venous drainage of the esophagus?

A

Azygous veings; left gastric vein in the abdomen

30
Q

From top to bottom, what are the four impressions on the esophagus?

A

Aortic arch, left main bronchus, left atrium, diaphragm

31
Q

Of the vagus nerves, which one is posterior to the esophagus and which one is anterior?

A

Left is anterior and right is prosterior

32
Q

What sympathetic nervs go to the esophagus?

A

Sympathetic nerves starting at T1-T5

33
Q

What are the main branches of the thoracic aorta?

A

Pericardial, bronchial, esophageal, prosterior intercostal, subcostal , superior phrenic

34
Q

Artery of Adamkiewicz

A

Largest anterior medullary feeder artery to the anterior spinal artery; it is the most important supply to the lower thoracic spinal cord

35
Q

Azygous vein

A

A vein that originates in the abdomen on the right side and drains to the vena cava by arching over the root of the right lung

36
Q

Hemiazygous vein

A

A vein on the lower left side of the thoracic cavity that originates in the abodem. It drains into the azygous vein at T9

37
Q

Accessory hemiazygous vein

A

A vein on the upper left side of the thoracic cavity that drains into the azygous vein at intercostal spaces 5-8

38
Q

What is the order of tumor spread from the lungs to other organs?

A

Segmental bronchi -> lobar bronchi -> interlobal bronchi -> hilar bronchi -> mediastinal nodes -> supraclavicular and sternal notch nodes

39
Q

Where is the cardiac plexus located?

A

Anterior to the bifurcation of the trachea, posterior to the aortic arch, superior to the pulomary trunk

40
Q

Where is the pulmonary plexus located?

A

Anterior and posterior to the roots of the lungs

41
Q

What types of nerve innervate the lungs?

A

Visceral motor and nonsensory visceral afferents

42
Q

From outer to inner, what are the layers between the outside of the pericardium and the heart?

A

Parietal layer of serous pericardium -> fibrous pericardium -> pericardial cavity -> visceral layer of serous pericardium -> subepicardial fat -> myocardium -> endocardium

43
Q

How do we count ribs?

A

We can’t palpate the first rib because it’s under the clavicle, so we start counting from the second rib

44
Q

What is the surface projection of the apex of the heart?

A

5th intercostal space to the left at the midclavicular line

45
Q

What is the surface projection of the the right atrium of the heart?

A

3rd costal cartilage, one finger to the right of the sternum

46
Q

What is the surface projection of the left atrium of the heart?

A

2nd intercostal space on the left, midway to the midclavicular line

47
Q

What is the surface projection of the right ventricle of the heart?

A

The junction of the 6th costal cartilage and the sternum

48
Q

Where can we best hear the tricupsid valve?

A

Just to the left of the lower part of the sternum near the fifth intercostal space

49
Q

Where can we best hear the mytrial valve?

A

Just over the apex of the heart; at the 5th intercostal space to the left at the midclavicular line

50
Q

Where can we best hear the pulmonary valve?

A

Over the medial end of the left second intercostal space

51
Q

Where can we best hear the aortic valve?

A

Over the medial end of the right second intercostal space

52
Q

What is the surface projection of the apex of the pleural sac?

A

Just above the median third of the clavicle

53
Q

Where does the pleural sac end on the midclavicular line?

A

Rib 8

54
Q

Where does the pleural sac end on the midaxillary line?

A

Rib 10

55
Q

Where does the pleural sac end on the spine?

A

Rib 12

56
Q

Where does the lung end during quiet respiration on the midclavicular line?

A

Rib 6

57
Q

Where does the lung end during quiet respiration on the midaxillary line?

A

Rib 8

58
Q

Where does the lung end during quiet respiration on the spine?

A

Rib 10

Human Body (Anatomy) (38 decks)

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