Abdomen 04: Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

Question 1

How does the liver develop?

Answer 1

The liver bud develops from hepatic diverticulum of the foregut and grows into venous network of fitelline vein

Question 2

In liver development, what do the capillaries become?

Answer 2

Sinusoids

Question 3

In liver development, what does the liver bud make?

Answer 3

Hepatocytes

Question 4

Gallbladder

Answer 4

An organ that stores bile for release; it is found in the midclavicular line with the edge of the rib cage just beneath the right lobe of the liver

Question 5

Falciform ligament

Answer 5

The ligament that runs ventrally between the two lobes of the liver

Question 6

Bare area of the liver

Answer 6

An area of the superior side of the liver where there is no ligament or peritoneum present

Question 7

Subphrenic recess

Answer 7

A recess between the liver and the diaphragm

Question 8

Hepatorenal recess

Answer 8

A recess between the liver and the kidney

Question 9

Portal triad

Answer 9

The entrance to the liver

Question 10

What are the components of the portal triad?

Answer 10

The proper hepatic artery, the portal vein, and the bile duct

Question 11

Caudate lobe

Answer 11

A small lobe of the liver that is inferior to the portal triad

Question 12

Quadrate lobe

Answer 12

A small lobe of the liver that is superior to the portal triad

Question 13

What are some of the functions of the liver?

Answer 13

Produces bile; metabolizes carbs, fats, and proteins; filters blood from intestines; detoxification

Question 14

What nerves innervate the liver?

Answer 14

Anterior vagal trunk and sympathetic and sensory afferents of the celiac plexus (T7-T9)

Question 15

What arteries supply the liver?

Answer 15

Portal hepatic vein and proper hepatic artery

The portal hepatic vein drains blood from the intestines and is filtered in the liver. The liver gets about 50% of its oxygen from the portal hepatic vein

Question 16

Caval system

Answer 16

A venous system that drains directly into the inferior vena cava without going through the liver

Question 17

Portal system

Answer 17

A venous system that drains to the liver to be filtered, and then drained into the inferior vena cava

Question 18

Portal tract

Answer 18

A portal vein, portal artery, and bile duct all moving together through the liver

Question 19

Bile canalucili

Answer 19

Specialized sections of tight junctions that collect bile from the liver

Question 20

Disse’s space

Answer 20

A specialized space outside of the sinusoid

Question 21

Hepatic stellate cells

Answer 21

Cells found in disse’s space that store vitamin and are involved in liver injury response

Question 22

How does blood and bile travel in the liver?

Answer 22

They travel in opposite directions; blood traverls superiorily to the vena cava, while bile travels inferiorally to the bile duct

Question 23

Liver lobule

Answer 23

A structural unit of a liver, consisting of multiple hepatic tracts surrounding a single hepatic venule

Question 24

How mant functional segments of the liver are there?

Answer 24

8; they do not correlate at all with the lobes

Question 25

What is the passage of bile to the duodenum, assuming that the sphincter is open?

Answer 25

Liver -> canaliculus -> Canals of Hering -> bile ductules -> trabecular ducts -> right/left hepatic duct -> common hepatic duct -> bile duct -> duodenum

Question 26

What happens to bile in the bile duct if the sphincter is closed?

Answer 26

It is backed up into the cystic duct and into the gallbladder

Question 27

What is the sphincter between the duodenum and the bile duct?

Answer 27

Sphincter of Oddi

Question 28

What is the function of the gallbladder?

Answer 28

Concentrates and stores bile

Question 29

What nerves innervate the gallbladder?

Answer 29

Vagus, sympathetics of T7-T9, afferents of T7-T9, and phrenic nerve

Question 30

What is the epithelium of the gallbladder?

Answer 30

Tall, simple columnar epithelium on irregular villi

Question 31

What does ERCP stand for?

Answer 31

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Question 32

What is ERCP?

Answer 32

Inserting a contrast into the duodenum and seeing if it reaches all of the organs through the Sphincter of Oddi

Question 33

Pancreas

Answer 33

A secondary retroperitoneal organ located by the stomach

Question 34

What are the anatomical divisions of the pancreas?

Answer 34

Head, neck, body, uncinate process, tail

Question 35

What are the functional divisions of the pancreas?

Answer 35

Endocrine (mainly in tail) and exocrine

Question 36

What nerves innervate the pancreas?

Answer 36

Vagus, sympathetics, afferents of T7-T9 via the celiac plexus

Question 37

Where does the pancreatic duct lead to?

Answer 37

It meets the bile duct right before the sphincter of Oddi

Question 38

Ampulla

Answer 38

An opening of a duct into the duodenum

Question 39

What is the ampulla that opens the bile duct?

Answer 39

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

Question 40

Embryological dorsal duct

Answer 40

Consists of the dorsal pancreatic bud and the accessory pancreatic bud

Question 41

Embryological ventral duct

Answer 41

Consists of the duct of Wirsung

Question 42

How is the pancrease formed?

Answer 42

Dorsal and ventral buds form separately. As the gut tube folds and rotates, the two buds fuse

Question 43

Iselets of Langerhans

Answer 43

Sections of endocrine cells in the pancrease

Question 44

What are the four cells types found in the Iselets of Langerhans

Answer 44

Alpha, beta, delta, PP

Question 45

Alpha pancreatic cells

Answer 45

Secrete glucagon

Question 46

Beta pancreatic cells

Answer 46

Secrete insulin

Question 47

Delta pancreatic cells

Answer 47

Secrete somatostatin

Question 48

PP Pancreatic cells

Answer 48

Secrete pancreatic polypeptide

Question 49

Type 1 Diabetes

Answer 49

An autoimmune disorder in which beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed

Question 50

Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 50

A disorder in which the body is resistant to the effects of insulin

Question 51

What is everything that is found in the transpyloric plane?

Answer 51

L1 vertebral body; tips of the 9th costal cartilage; meddile of the superior and top of ascending duodenum; superior border of pylorus; hili of kidneys; neck of pancreas; origin of superior mesenteric artery; beginning of protal vein; fundus of gall bladder

Question 52

Where is the transpyloric plane

Answer 52

Midway between the jugular notch of the sternum and the public symphysis

Question 53

What is the referred pain region of the gallbladder?

Answer 53

Right shoulder

Question 54

Is the pancreas retroperitoneal and intraperitoneal?

Answer 54

The tail is intraperitoneal; the rest is retroperitoneal