Abdomen 04: Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Flashcards
How does the liver develop?
The liver bud develops from hepatic diverticulum of the foregut and grows into venous network of fitelline vein
In liver development, what do the capillaries become?
Sinusoids
In liver development, what does the liver bud make?
Hepatocytes
Gallbladder
An organ that stores bile for release; it is found in the midclavicular line with the edge of the rib cage just beneath the right lobe of the liver
Falciform ligament
The ligament that runs ventrally between the two lobes of the liver
Bare area of the liver
An area of the superior side of the liver where there is no ligament or peritoneum present
Subphrenic recess
A recess between the liver and the diaphragm
Hepatorenal recess
A recess between the liver and the kidney
Portal triad
The entrance to the liver
What are the components of the portal triad?
The proper hepatic artery, the portal vein, and the bile duct
Caudate lobe
A small lobe of the liver that is inferior to the portal triad
Quadrate lobe
A small lobe of the liver that is superior to the portal triad
What are some of the functions of the liver?
Produces bile; metabolizes carbs, fats, and proteins; filters blood from intestines; detoxification
What nerves innervate the liver?
Anterior vagal trunk and sympathetic and sensory afferents of the celiac plexus (T7-T9)
What arteries supply the liver?
Portal hepatic vein and proper hepatic artery
The portal hepatic vein drains blood from the intestines and is filtered in the liver. The liver gets about 50% of its oxygen from the portal hepatic vein
Caval system
A venous system that drains directly into the inferior vena cava without going through the liver
Portal system
A venous system that drains to the liver to be filtered, and then drained into the inferior vena cava
Portal tract
A portal vein, portal artery, and bile duct all moving together through the liver
Bile canalucili
Specialized sections of tight junctions that collect bile from the liver
Disse’s space
A specialized space outside of the sinusoid
Hepatic stellate cells
Cells found in disse’s space that store vitamin and are involved in liver injury response
How does blood and bile travel in the liver?
They travel in opposite directions; blood traverls superiorily to the vena cava, while bile travels inferiorally to the bile duct
Liver lobule
A structural unit of a liver, consisting of multiple hepatic tracts surrounding a single hepatic venule
How mant functional segments of the liver are there?
8; they do not correlate at all with the lobes
What is the passage of bile to the duodenum, assuming that the sphincter is open?
Liver -> canaliculus -> Canals of Hering -> bile ductules -> trabecular ducts -> right/left hepatic duct -> common hepatic duct -> bile duct -> duodenum
What happens to bile in the bile duct if the sphincter is closed?
It is backed up into the cystic duct and into the gallbladder
What is the sphincter between the duodenum and the bile duct?
Sphincter of Oddi
What is the function of the gallbladder?
Concentrates and stores bile
What nerves innervate the gallbladder?
Vagus, sympathetics of T7-T9, afferents of T7-T9, and phrenic nerve
What is the epithelium of the gallbladder?
Tall, simple columnar epithelium on irregular villi
What does ERCP stand for?
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
What is ERCP?
Inserting a contrast into the duodenum and seeing if it reaches all of the organs through the Sphincter of Oddi
Pancreas
A secondary retroperitoneal organ located by the stomach
What are the anatomical divisions of the pancreas?
Head, neck, body, uncinate process, tail
What are the functional divisions of the pancreas?
Endocrine (mainly in tail) and exocrine
What nerves innervate the pancreas?
Vagus, sympathetics, afferents of T7-T9 via the celiac plexus
Where does the pancreatic duct lead to?
It meets the bile duct right before the sphincter of Oddi
Ampulla
An opening of a duct into the duodenum
What is the ampulla that opens the bile duct?
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
Embryological dorsal duct
Consists of the dorsal pancreatic bud and the accessory pancreatic bud
Embryological ventral duct
Consists of the duct of Wirsung
How is the pancrease formed?
Dorsal and ventral buds form separately. As the gut tube folds and rotates, the two buds fuse
Iselets of Langerhans
Sections of endocrine cells in the pancrease
What are the four cells types found in the Iselets of Langerhans
Alpha, beta, delta, PP
Alpha pancreatic cells
Secrete glucagon
Beta pancreatic cells
Secrete insulin
Delta pancreatic cells
Secrete somatostatin
PP Pancreatic cells
Secrete pancreatic polypeptide
Type 1 Diabetes
An autoimmune disorder in which beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed
Type 2 Diabetes
A disorder in which the body is resistant to the effects of insulin
What is everything that is found in the transpyloric plane?
L1 vertebral body; tips of the 9th costal cartilage; meddile of the superior and top of ascending duodenum; superior border of pylorus; hili of kidneys; neck of pancreas; origin of superior mesenteric artery; beginning of protal vein; fundus of gall bladder
Where is the transpyloric plane
Midway between the jugular notch of the sternum and the public symphysis
What is the referred pain region of the gallbladder?
Right shoulder
Is the pancreas retroperitoneal and intraperitoneal?
The tail is intraperitoneal; the rest is retroperitoneal
