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Human Body (Anatomy) > Body Plan 09: Peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

Body Plan 09: Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A

Nervous tissue

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2
Q

What are some characteristics of neurons

A

They are excitable and can generate action potentials. They have a large central nucleus and are metabolically very active

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3
Q

Synapses

A

Small cavities between neurons

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4
Q

How do neurons transmit information to other neurons?

A

They release neurotransmitters into synapses which diffuse into the other neurons

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5
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

Vesicles on the neurons that release neurotransmitters

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6
Q

Central Nervous System

A

The brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

All of the nervous system that is not in the CNS

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8
Q

Microglia

A

Cells found only in the CNS. They are macrophages and arise in the yolk sac

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9
Q

Macroglia

A

Cells found only in the CNS. They are of two types: Oligodendrocytes and Astrocytes

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10
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

One of the macroglia of the CNS. They form myelin around multiple cells each of the CNS and support them

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11
Q

Astrocytes

A

One of the macroglia of the CNS. They are the main foundation of the blood-brain barrier

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12
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Cells found only in the PNS. They form myelin around one cell each

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13
Q

Satellite Cells

A

Cells found only in the PNS. They surround cell bodies in ganglia

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14
Q

Myelin

A

Multiple layers of fused plasma membranes around a neuron that serves to insulate the neuron and speed up the action potential

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15
Q

Myelinated neurons

A

Neurons that have had glial cells injected into them and are protected by plasma membranes forming the myelin

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16
Q

Nonmyelinated neurons

A

Neurons that have had glial cells injected into them, bubbling around in the cytoplasm and shrinking in. NOTE: there are still glial cells involved

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17
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Short segments of unmyelinated axon that serves to generate and revitalize action potentials

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18
Q

The Blood-Brain Barrier

A

A combination of astrocytes and tight junctions in the vascular endothelia that regulates the passage of proteins from the blood vessels into the brain

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19
Q

How many nerves are in the PNS?

A

43 - 12 cranial and 31 spinal

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20
Q

How many cranial nerves are in the PNS?

A

12

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21
Q

How many spinal nerves are in the PNS?

A

31

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22
Q

What are the five segments of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sarcal, Coccygeal

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23
Q

How many sections are in each of the segments of the spinal cord

A

8 C, 12 T, 5 L, 5 S, 1 coccygeal

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24
Q

Gray mater

A

CNS matter consisting of cell bodies

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25
Q

White mater

A

CNS matter not consisting of cell bodies

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26
Q

Dorsal horn

A

The section of the gray mater that points dorsally, where impulses enter the CNS

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27
Q

Lateral horn

A

The section of the gray mater that points laterally and houses the PNS cell bodies. They only exist in T1-L2 (sympathetic) and S2-S5 (parasympathetic)

28
Q

Ventral horn

A

The section of the gray matter that points ventrally, where impulses leave the CNS

29
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of axon and dendrites in the PNS

30
Q

Epineurium

A

outermost connective tissue sheath, loose connective tissue, fibroblasts and collages

31
Q

Perineurium

A

multiple layers of flattened polygonal cells and collagen; tight junctions; a metabolically active diffusion barrier

32
Q

Endoneurium

A

intra-fascicular connective tissue, fibrous matrix of reticular (Type III collagen) fibers, endoneurial fluid, immune cells, Schwann cell-axon units

33
Q

Can a neuron be both sensory and motor?

A

No, only one or the other

34
Q

Can a nerve be both sensory and motor?

A

Yes, but each individual neuron can only be one or the other

35
Q

Fascile

A

A fiber of neuron cells surrounded by the perineurium

36
Q

How are peripheral nerves histologically identifiable?

A

Nodes of Ranvier, zig-zag shape, foamy appearance of myelin

37
Q

Ganglia

A

Groups of cell bodies in the PNS

38
Q

Neural Nuclei

A

Groups of cell bodies in the CNS. Analogous to ganglia

39
Q

What types of cell bodies can ganglia contain?

A

Either only visceral motor, or a combination of visceral sensory and somatosensory

40
Q

What are the three major groups of ganglia?

A

Dorsal root ganglia, Paravertebral ganglia, preaortic ganglia

41
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

A sensory ganglion also known as the spinal ganglion that comes off of the dorsal horn

42
Q

What is the main histological difference between parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia?

A

Sympathetic ganglia have lipofuschin granules, while parasympathetic ganglia

43
Q

Afferent

A

Carrying impulses towards the CNS

44
Q

Efferent

A

Carrying impulses away from CNS

45
Q

Nonsensory afferent

A

Not perceived, does not reach the cortex. Examples include CO2 levels and blood pressure

46
Q

Sensory afferet

A

Perceived (we feel it). It can be broken down to touch, vibration, proprioception; and pain, temperature

47
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

A

The sensory system of the skin. Includes Meissner’s corpuscles, Merkel cells and free endings

48
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Goes to skeletal muscles. No second cell bodies; they synapse directly onto skeletal muscle

49
Q

Visceral nervous system

A

Goes to smooth and cardiac muscles (“autonomous”). Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

50
Q

Somatic vs visceral NS: which one is more precise temporally? Spatially?

A

Somatic is more precises in both, both afferent and efferent

51
Q

Why is the visceral nervous system imprecise spatially?

A

One neuron synapses on many muscles

52
Q

Enteric Nervous System

A

The nervous system of the gut that controls smooth muscle, blood vessels, and secretion by mucosa

53
Q

Where are the somatic structures derived from?

A

From the somites, somatic layer of lateral mesoderm, and neural crest

54
Q

Where are the visceral structures derived from?

A

From the splanchnic layer of the lateral mesoderm, intermediate mesoderm, and neural crest

55
Q

Where are sympathetic cell bodies located in the CNS?

A

Lateral horn of T1 through L2

56
Q

Where are parasympathetic cell bodies located in the CNS?

A

Brain and lateral horn of S2, S3, S4

57
Q

Where do sympathetic cell bodies leave the CNS?

A

Ventral roots of T1 through L2

58
Q

Where do parasympathetic cell bodies leave the CNS

A

Cranial nerves and ventral roots of S2, S3, S4

59
Q

Where is the 2nd cell body of sympathetic cells located?

A

Ganglia not associated with the target organ

60
Q

Where is the 2nd cell body of parasympathetic cells located?

A

Ganglia associated with the target organ

61
Q

What neurotransmitter is used for the somatic nervous system?

A

ACh

62
Q

What is the first order neurotransmitter used for the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

A

Both use ACh

63
Q

What is the second order neurotransmitter used for the sympathetic system?

A

Noradrenaline for adrenergic neurons and ACh for sweat clands

64
Q

What is the second order neurotransmitter used for the parasympathetic system?

A

ACh

65
Q

What three structures to sympathetic nerves go to for temperature control?

A

Vascular smooth muscle, errcrine sweat glands, Arrector pili muscles

Human Body (Anatomy) (38 decks)

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