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Human Body (Anatomy) > Pelvis 03: Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Pelvis 03: Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the female reproductive tract consist of?

A

Vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries

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2
Q

What are the intraperitoneal structures of the female reproductive system?

A

Ovaries, uterine tubes, fundus of the uterus, most of the body of the uterus

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3
Q

What are the subperitoneal structures of the female reproductive system?

A

Lower uterus, cervix, vagina; the exception is the posterior fornix

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4
Q

What are the three endopelvic fascia ligaments that suspend and support the female reproductive tract?

A

Pubocervical ligament, transverse cervical ligament, uretosacral ligament

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5
Q

Round ligament of the uterus

A

A ligament in females that is analogous to the male spermatic cord; it runs from the uterus superiorly, and then inferiorly through the deep and superficial inguinal rings; it goes to the labia majora

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6
Q

Ligament of the ovary

A

A ligament that runs between the uterus and the ovary

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7
Q

What is the remnant structure that becomes the round ligament of the uterus and the ligament of the ovary?

A

Gubernaculum

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8
Q

Broad ligament

A

A ligament consisting of peritoneum and parametrium that drapes over the pelvic organs

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9
Q

What are the three parts of the broad ligament

A

Mesovarium, mesosalpinx, mesometrium

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10
Q

Mesovarium

A

Part of the broad ligament that suspends the ovaries

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11
Q

Mesosalpinx

A

Part of the broad ligament that suspends the uterine tubes

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12
Q

Mesometrium

A

Part of the broad ligament between the junction of mesovarium+mesosalpinx and the parietal peritoneum

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13
Q

Parametrium

A

Tissue enclosed by the broad ligament beside the uterus

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14
Q

Perimetrium

A

Tissue that lies around the uterus

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15
Q

hysterectomy

A

An operation to remove the uterus from the body

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16
Q

What are the three places where the ureter is in danger during hysterectomy

A

1) Distal ureter where it is crossed by the uterine artery
2) Dorsal to the suspensory ligament of the ovary at the pelvic brim
3) intramural portion of the ureter at the level of the fornices

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17
Q

Ovaries

A

Paired organs that are the site of ova production

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18
Q

Oogenesis

A

The process of forming ova

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19
Q

Secretory properties of the ovary

A

An endocrine organ; it secretes estrogen and progesterone

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20
Q

What are the four histological components of the ovary?

A

Visceral peritoneum, stroma, follicles with granulosa cells, germ cells

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21
Q

Germinal epithelium

A

The visceral peritoneum of the ovaries

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22
Q

What is the cell type of the germinal epithelium

A

Simple squamous to cuboidal mesothelium

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23
Q

Ovarian stromal cells

A

Cells of the stroma of the ovary that synthesize hormones and form theca

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24
Q

Theca

A

Muscle-like tissue that surrounds the developing follicle in the ovary

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25
Q

Primordial germ cells

A

The primitive germ cells, before male/female differentiation occurs

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26
Q

What are the stages of the development of female ovaries

A

Week 3: PGCs develop at posterior end of primitive streak
Week 4: PGCs migrate into endoderm of yolk sac
Week 5: PGCs migrate into genital ridge of intermediate mesoderm
Week 6: PGCs enter the developing gonad

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27
Q

Primordial follicle

A

A follicle encasing a primary oocyte that is surrounded by squamous epithelium

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28
Q

Primary follicle

A

A follicle encasing a primary oocyte that is surrounded by cuboidal epithelium

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29
Q

What marks the transition of a primordial follicle to a primary follicle?

A

The epithelium changes from sqamous to cuboidal under the influence of FSH

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30
Q

What stage of meiosis is the primary oocyte arrested in in the primary follicle?

A

Meiosis 1

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31
Q

Granulosa cells

A

The cells of the follicular epithelium that surround the primary (not primordial) follicle

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32
Q

Pre-antral follicle

A

A follicle that is defined by multiple layers of granulosum and thecal cells; there is no antrum

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33
Q

Antral follicle

A

Also known as secondary follicle; there is large antrum; culumnus oophorus at one end is continuous with the stratum granulosum

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34
Q

What cells of the follicle produce estrogen and progesterone?

A

Theca interna

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35
Q

Follicular antrum

A

A cavity in a follicle that contains fluid

36
Q

Graafian Follicle

A

Also known as tertiary follicle; marked by a very large antrum and a more developed culumnus oophorus

37
Q

Culumus oophorus

A

Granulosum + oocyte inside a follicle

38
Q

Uterine tube

A

A tube that connects the uterine cavity to the peritoneal cavity and transports ova to the uterine cavity

39
Q

Plicae of the uterine tube

A

Folds consisting of epothelium and supporting tissue; there are smooth muscles within them to allow movement

40
Q

What are the cell types found in the utering tube plicae?

A

Ciliated; nonciliated; intercalated. All are simple columnar

41
Q

Nonciliated epithelium of the uterine tube plicae

A

Secretory cells; they secrete fluid that transports and nourishes gametes and capacitates sperm

42
Q

Ciliated epithelium of the uterine tube plicae

A

Generate the fluid flow

43
Q

Tubal ligation

A

The cutting of the fallopian tube to prevent fertilization

44
Q

Uterine fundus

A

The top part of the body of the uterus

45
Q

What are the two divisions of the cervis?

A

Vaginal (invaginates into the vagina) and supravaginal (still inside the uterus)

46
Q

From outside to inside, what are the sections of the uterus, cervix, and vagina?

A

Introitus, vaginal canal, vaginal vault, external os, cervix canal, internal os, uterine cavity

47
Q

Vaginal canal

A

The narrower part of the vagina

48
Q

Vaginal vault

A

The wider part of the vagina, where the cervix opens into

49
Q

External os

A

The external opening of the cervix; opens into the vagina

50
Q

Cervial canal

A

The canal of the cervix

51
Q

Internal os

A

The internal opening of the cervix; opens into the uterine cavity

52
Q

Introitus

A

The opening of the vagina into the outside world

53
Q

Angle of anteversion

A

The angle between the cervix and the vagina

54
Q

Anteverted uterus

A

A uterus that is tipped anterioraly relative to the angle of anteversion

55
Q

Retroverted uterus

A

A uterus that is not tipped anteriorally relative to the angle of anteversion

56
Q

Angle of anteflexion

A

The angle between the cervix and the body of the uterus

57
Q

Anteflexed uterus

A

A uterus that is bent anteriorally relative to the angle of anteflexion

58
Q

Retroflexed uterus

A

A uterus that is not bent anteriorally relative to the angle of anteflexion

59
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus?

A

Perimetrium -> myometrium -> endometrium

60
Q

Perimetrium

A

The outer layer of the uterus’ consists of peritonium and adventitia

61
Q

Myometrium

A

The middle layer of the uterus; has a middle muscular layer that is used for contractions during labor and menstruation

62
Q

Endometrium

A

The inner layer of the uterus; the inner mucosa. Shed during menstruation

63
Q

What are the three phases of the uterine mentrual cycle?

A

Proliferative phase -> secretory phase -> menstrual phase

64
Q

Proliferative phase of the uterine menstrual cycle

A

Induced by estrogen and progesterone; preapres the endometrium for implantation

65
Q

Secretory phase of the uterine menstrual cycle

A

Induced by the secretion of progesterone from the corpus luteum; induces glycogen-rich secretions from endometrial glands

66
Q

Menstural phase of the uterine menstrual cycle

A

Induced by the death of corpus luteum (thus, the lack of progesterone) and no implantation. Shedding of the layers of the endometrium

67
Q

What are the layers of the endometrium?

A

Stratum functionalis and stratum basalis

68
Q

Stratum functionalis

A

The inner layer of the endometrium that is shed during menstruation; divided into stratum compactum (deeper) and stratum spongiosum

69
Q

Stratum compactum

A

The deeper layer of the stratum functionalis

70
Q

Stratum spongiosum

A

The more superficial layer of the stratum functionalis

71
Q

Stratum basalis

A

The outer layer of the endometrium; it is not shed during menstruation and acts as a regenerator for stratum functionalis

72
Q

What is the blood supply of the endometrium?

A

Uterine artery -> arcuate artery -> radial arteries -> spiral arteries

73
Q

Spiral arteries

A

Arteries that supply the endometrium; they are spiral so that they can expand in the case of implantation and growth of the fetus

74
Q

Endometriosis

A

Ectopic endometrial tissue outside of the uterus

75
Q

Retrograde menstruation

A

Where menses backfills into the peritoneal cavity

76
Q

What epithelium lines the cervical canal?

A

Simple columnar

77
Q

What epithelium lines the vaginal end of the cervix?

A

Stratified squamous

78
Q

Lateral fornices

A

Bending of the vagina at the two lateral sides around the external os of the cervix; there is an anterior and posteror fornix

79
Q

What are the smooth muscle layers of the vagina?

A

Inner circular and outer longitudinal

80
Q

What is the adventitia of the vagina?

A

It fuses with the adventitia of the bladder and urethra anteriorally; it fuses with the adventitia of the rectum posteriorly

81
Q

How does the uterus change with pregnancy?

A

Its mass increases from 50g to 1.1 kg, and its volume increases from 12ml to 9.5L

82
Q

How does the cervix change at labor onset?

A

It softens, effaces (thins out), dilates, and loses its mucus plug

83
Q

Stage 1 of labor?

A

Begins at the onset of labor and ends when the cervix is completed thinned and dilated

84
Q

Stage 2 of labor

A

Ends with the birth of the baby

85
Q

Stage 3 of labor

A

Ends with the birth of the placenta

86
Q

Stage 4 of labor

A

Last two hours after the birth of the placenta

Human Body (Anatomy) (38 decks)

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