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Human Body (Anatomy) > Body Plan 01: First Two Weeks of Development > Flashcards

Body Plan 01: First Two Weeks of Development Flashcards

1
Q

Sperm

A

The male reproductive gamete

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2
Q

Vagina

A

The entry point of sperm in the female reproductive tract

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3
Q

Cervix

A

The location in the female reproductive tract where sperm are stored

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4
Q

Oocyte

A

The female reproductive gamete

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5
Q

What surrounds the oocyte?

A

The Zona Pelucida and the Cumulus Oophorus

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6
Q

Zona Pelucida

A

A layer of cross-linked glycroproteins surrounding the oocyte that sperm must penetrate

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7
Q

Where in the uterine tube does fertilization usually occur?

A

The Ampulla of the uterine tube

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8
Q

Ampulla

A

The section of the uterine tube where fertilization occurs. It is also the most common site of ectopic pregnancies

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9
Q

Ovary

A

The location in the female reproductive system where the oocyte (in a follice) grows and matures before ovulation

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10
Q

What path do sperm take to reach the oocyte?

A

Vagina -> cervix -> uterine cavity -> uterine tube (intramural -> isthmus -> ampulla)

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11
Q

What reproductive complications can arise from scarring of the fallopian tube? Where can these scars originate from?

A

Scarring of the fallopian tube can restrict the motility of sperm and prevent fertilization. These scars can originate from sexually transmitted diseases

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12
Q

Cumulus oophorus

A

A layer of cells that surrounds the oocyte. Most of it is shed once the oocyte is fertilized

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13
Q

Corona radiata

A

A layer of cells that immediately surrounds the zona pelucida. It is the innermost layer of the cumulus oophorus and is not shed with the rest of the cumulus oophorus

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14
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

The cavity that the uterus is located in; the cavity where the oocyte is ejected into in ovulation

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15
Q

Fimbriae

A

The finger like projections at the end of the fallopian tube; they guide the oocyte inside the tube

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16
Q

Infundiblum

A

The farthest section of the uterine tube. It is next to the ampulla. Fimbriae project from it

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17
Q

Intramural part of the fallopian tube

A

The uterine part of the fallopian tube

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18
Q

Isthmus

A

The segment of the uterine tube directly between the intramural and ampulla

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19
Q

Which stage of meiotic division is the oocyte arrested in after ovulation?

A

Metaphase II

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20
Q

Follice Stimulating Hormone

A

One of the pituitary cycle hormones. It is secreted by the pituitary gland and is one of the primers for ovulation

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21
Q

Luteinizing Hormone

A

One of the pituitary cycle hormones. It is secreted by the pituitary gland. An upshoot in LH levels promotes ovulation

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22
Q

Which stage of meiotic division is the oocyte arrested in before ovulation?

A

Prophase I

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23
Q

Ovulation

A

The rupture of the follicle and the ejection of the oocyte into the peritoneal cavity

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24
Q

How is the oocyte transported in the fallopian tube?

A

Peristaltic activity and ciliar transport

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25
Q

Peristaltic activity

A

The rapid, synchronized contraction of relaxation of muscles down a tube that helps to move the contents of the tube

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26
Q

Estrogen

A

One of the ovarian cycle hormones. It is secreted by the follice to signal to the endometrium to prepare for a potential implantation. It is then secreted by the corpus luteum to maintain the endometrium lining

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27
Q

Progesterone

A

One of the ovarian cycle hormones. It is secreted by the corpus luteum to maintain the endometrium lining

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28
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

A

[hCG] a hormone secreted by the human embryo to maintain the corpus luteum. It is the hormone tested for in pregnancy tests

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29
Q

Fertilization

A

The fusion of the cell membranes of the oocyte and the sperm

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30
Q

Zygote

A

The cell once the two pronuceli have fused

31
Q

What two roles do the zona pelucida play?

A

1) protects the oocyte from polyspermy

2) protects the oocyte from implanting in the fallopian tube

32
Q

When does the oocyte finish its meiotic division?

A

Once a sperm has penetrated the zona pelucida and docks with the oocyte membrane

33
Q

Cleavage

A

Rapid mytotic activity of the zygote that is not accompanied by cell growth

34
Q

Early Pregnancy Factor

A

A hormone secreted by the trophoblast of the embryo. It is an immunosuppressant intending to keep the zygote safe from the mother’s immune system

35
Q

Blastogenesis

A

Another word for cleavage (Rapid mytotic activity of the zygote that is not accompanied by cell growth)

36
Q

Blastomeres

A

The cells that are formed as a result of cleavage

37
Q

Morula

A

A ball of cells of the embryo; the direct result of blastogenesis

38
Q

Ectopic Pregnancy

A

The implantation of the embryo anywhere besides the endometrium of the uterine wall. It is a medical emergency

39
Q

Blastocyst

A

A morula with a fluid-filled cavity inside (blastocyst cavity)

40
Q

Blastocyst cavity

A

The cavity that forms in a new blastocyst

41
Q

How does the blastocyst cavity form?

A

Na/K pumps create an osmotic pressure that sucks fluid inside the embryo

42
Q

Hatching

A

The disintegration of the zona pelucida and corona raidata surrounding the blastocyst as it prepares for implantation

43
Q

What are the two layers of the blastocyst?

A

Embryoblast and trophoblast

44
Q

Blastocyst embryoblast

A

Also known as the inner cell mass of the blastocyst; forms the eventual embryo

45
Q

Blastocyst tophoblast

A

Cells on the outside of the blastocyst that will contribute to the placenta

46
Q

Embryonic pole

A

The end of the embryo that contains the inner cell mass

47
Q

Bilaminar disk

A

The eventual shape of the inner cell mass in the blastocyst as it implants. Its two layers are epiblast and hypoblast

48
Q

Bilaminar disk epiblast

A

The upper layer of the bilaminar disk that contributes to the fetus

49
Q

Bilaminar disk hypoblast

A

The lower layer of the bilaminar disk that does not contribute to the fetus

50
Q

Where does the blastocyst implant?

A

The endometrium of the uterine wall

51
Q

When does implantation occur relative to fertilization and LNMP?

A

7 days/21 days

52
Q

After implantation, what two layers do the blastocyst trophoblast differentiate into?

A

Cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

53
Q

Cytotrophoblast

A

The inner layer of the differentiated trophoblast after implantation. It drives the syncytiotrophoblast

54
Q

Syncytiotrophoblast

A

The outer later of the differentiated trophoblast after implantation. It is a syncytium that produces hCG

55
Q

Syncytium

A

A cell that is a fusion of many cells, resulting in many nucelii. Syncytiotrophoblast is a syncytium

56
Q

What are the requirements for implantation?

A

Receptive endometrium, functional blastocyst, precise coordination between blastocyst and endometrium

57
Q

What are the three stages of implantation?

A

Apposition, Adhesion, Penetration

58
Q

Apposition

A

The first stage of implantation; the blastocyst is in contact with the endometrium

59
Q

Adhesion

A

The second stage of implantation; the blastocyst is anchored to the basal lamina and ECM

60
Q

Penetration

A

The third stage of implantation; the blastocyst penetrates and burrows under the endometrium basal lamina

61
Q

What cell lines are responsible for early placenta formation (immediately after implantation)

A

Cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast; syncytiotrophoblast invades uterine stroma

62
Q

Amniotic cavity

A

The cavity that is formed and surrounded by the epiblast after implantation

63
Q

Yolk Sac

A

The cavity that is formed by the hypoblast lining the blastocyst cavity. The outer layer is lined by cytotrophoblast

64
Q

Extraembryonic Reticulum

A

A layer of Extracellular Matrix secreted by the two linings of the yolk sac (hypoblast and cytotrophoblast) and separates the two linings. It creates room for extraembryonic mesoblasts

65
Q

Extraembryonic mesoblasts

A

Cells that have budded off the epiblast and migrated to the extraembryonic reticulum. They form the extraembryonic mesoderm

66
Q

Extraembryonic mesoderm

A

The differentiated layer between the hypoblast and cytotrophoblast linings of the yolk sac caused by the migrations of extraembryonic mesoblasts. These cells are no longer migratory

67
Q

Lacunae

A

Small cavities inside a layer of cells

68
Q

Chorionic cavity

A

A cavity formed by the joining of lacunae in the extraembryonic mesoderm

69
Q

Extraembryonic coelom

A

Another name for the chorionic cavity

70
Q

Extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm

A

The layer of extraembryonic mesoderm that lines the border between the chorionic cavity and the yolk sac. “Splanchnic” relates to gut tube

71
Q

Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm

A

The layer of extraembryonic mesoderm that lines the borders of the amnion and cytotrophoblast. “Somatic” relates to body/skin

72
Q

Chorion

A

The somatic layer consisting of extraembryonic mesoderm, the cytotrophoblast, and the syncytiotrophoblast

73
Q

Heuser Membrane

A

Divides the hypoblast from extraembryonic mesoblast. It’s also known as the extracoelemic membrane

Human Body (Anatomy) (38 decks)

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