Thorax 01: Muscles and Osteology of the Back

Question 1

Sagittal Plane

Answer 1

Cuts the body into two lateral sides (right and left)

Question 2

Coronal Plane

Answer 2

Cuts the body into a dorsal and ventral side

Question 3

Transverse Plan

Answer 3

Cuts the body near the waist into top and bottom

Question 4

Anatomical Position

Answer 4

Person is flat with feet apart, arms down and palms facing forward

Question 5

Another term for ventral

Answer 5

Anterior

Question 6

Another term for dorsal

Answer 6

Posterior

Question 7

Another word for cranial

Answer 7

Superior

Question 8

Another word for caudal

Answer 8

Inferior

Question 9

Medial

Answer 9

Closer to midline

Question 10

Lateral

Answer 10

Farther from midline

Question 11

Superficial

Answer 11

Closer to surface

Question 12

Deep

Answer 12

Away from surface

Question 13

What does the thorax body seciton plan look like?

Answer 13

No uritogenital structures, aorta displaced to the left, esophagus closer to the vertebrae, heart folded in center, celom lines pulmonary cavities which contains lungs, no portal vein, wall formed by ribs with 3 layers of
muscle between them

Question 14

Endothoracic fascia

Answer 14

a layer of loose connective tissue that lines the inside of the thoracic wall

Question 15

Trapezius

Answer 15

A hypaxial limb muscle of the upper back, usually by the shoulder

Question 16

Muscle reflection

Answer 16

Performing an incision in a muscle and folding it back to see beneath it

Question 17

Levator scapulae

Answer 17

A hypaxial limb muscle beneath the trapezius; usually around the neck

Question 18

Rhomboid muscle minor

Answer 18

A hypaxial limb muscle beneath the trapezius, usually by the clavicle and above the rhomboid muscle major

Question 19

Rhomboid muscle major

Answer 19

A hypaxial limb muscle beneath the trapezius; usually just under the rhomboid muscle minor

Question 20

Thoracolumbar fascia

Answer 20

A layer of connective tissue that separates epaxial muscle from hypaxial muscle

Question 21

Serratus Posterior

Answer 21

The deepest hypaxial muscle; connects to the ribs

Question 22

Secondary curvature

Answer 22

The normal curving of the spine.

Question 23

Primary curvature

Answer 23

The normal curving of the spine that is present in the fetus (unlike secondary) and is concave anteriorally; thoracic curvature and sarcococcygeal curvature

Question 24

Vertebral foramen

Answer 24

The hole in the middle of the vertebra

Question 25

Neural arch

Answer 25

Vertebral part consisting of pedicle and lamina

Question 26

Vertebral body

Answer 26

The bottom part of the vertebra

Question 27

Spinous process

Answer 27

The vertebral bone sticking out upwards

Question 28

Articular process

Answer 28

The vertebral bone sticking out diagonally

Question 29

Transverse process

Answer 29

The vertebral bone sticking out laterally

Question 30

How can we recognize cervial vertebra?

Answer 30

Shorter processes; they specifically have foramen transversarium; bifidous spinal processes

Question 31

How can we recognize thoracic vertebra?

Answer 31

There is one facet in transverse process and two demi-facets in articular process for connecting ribs; heart shaped body

Question 32

How can we recognize lumbar vertebra?

Answer 32

Much larger vertebral body; long transverse process; no facets

Question 33

Foramen transversarium

Answer 33

Unique to cervical vertebra; an opening on each of the transverse processes which gives passage to the vertebral artery and vein and a sympathetic nerve plexus

Question 34

Pars interarticularis

Answer 34

One of the two weak spots of the lumbar vertebra

Question 35

Sacrum

Answer 35

Fusion of the 5 sacral vertebra; articulates with the pelvis

Question 36

Longitudinal ligaments

Answer 36

Ligaments that run down the vertebral column. Divided into anterior and posterior

Question 37

Anterior longitudinal ligaments

Answer 37

Strong and thick; resists hyperextension

Question 38

Posterior longitudinal ligaments

Answer 38

weaker; resists hyperflexion and herniation

Question 39

Ligamenta flava

Answer 39

Elastic ligaments joining laminae

Question 40

Interspinous ligaments

Answer 40

Spans spinous processes

Question 41

Supraspinous ligaments

Answer 41

Strong ligaments that span the tips of spinous processes

Question 42

Ligamentum nuchae

Answer 42

Cranial continuation of supraspinous ligaments that holds the head up

Question 43

Herneated disk

Answer 43

Seeping of nucleus pulposus from the vertebral body; damages spinal nerves

Question 44

Ankylosin spondylitis

Answer 44

Fusion of spinal joints due to inflammation

Question 45

Spondyloisthesis

Answer 45

Anterior slippage of lumbar vertebra, usually L5

Question 46

How many spinal arteries are there?

Answer 46

One anterior and two posterior

Question 47

Trapezius innervation

Answer 47

Cranial nerve 11 (accessory spinal nerve), C3-C4

Question 48

Trapezius action

Answer 48

Adducts, rotates, elevates, depresses scapula

Question 49

What are the superficial back muscles?

Answer 49

Trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, latissimus dorsi

Question 50

Levator scapulae innervation

Answer 50

nerves to levator scapulae, dorsal scapular nerve

Question 51

Levator scapulae action

Answer 51

Elevates scapula and rotates glenoid cavity

Question 52

Rhomboid major innervation

Answer 52

dorsal scapular nerve

Question 53

Rhomboid minor innversation

Answer 53

dorsal scapular nerve

Question 54

Rhomboid major action

Answer 54

adducts scapula

Question 55

Rhomboid minor action

Answer 55

adducts scapula

Question 56

Latissimus dorsi

Answer 56

A superficial back muscle that spans the back

Question 57

Latissimus dorsi innervation

Answer 57

Thoracodorsal nerve

Question 58

Latissimus dorsi action

Answer 58

Adduct, extend, and rotate arm medially; depresses scapula

Question 59

What are the muscles of the spinotransverse group?

Answer 59

Splenius capitis and splenius cervicis;

Question 60

Spinotransverse group muscle innervation

Answer 60

Dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves

Question 61

Spinotransverse group muscle action

Answer 61

extends, rotates, laterally flexes head and neck

Question 62

What are the muscles of the erector spinae group?

Answer 62

Spinalis, Longissimus, Ilocostalis

Question 63

Erector spinae group inntervation

Answer 63

Dorsal rami of spinal nerves

Question 64

Erector spinae group action

Answer 64

extend, rotate, laterally flex vertebral column and head

Question 65

What are the muscles of the transversospinalis group?

Answer 65

semispinalis, multifidus, and rotatores

Question 66

Transversosplinalis group innervation

Answer 66

Dorsal rami of spinal nerves

Question 67

Transversosplinalis gruop action

Answer 67

Extend and rotate head, neck and trunk

Question 68

Pectoralis major

Answer 68

A muscle in the pectoral region

Question 69

Pectoralis major innervation

Answer 69

lateral and medial pectoral nerves

Question 70

Pectoralis major action

Answer 70

Flexes, adducts, and medially rotates arm

Question 71

Pectoralis minor

Answer 71

A muscle in the pectoral region underneath the pectoralis major

Question 72

Pectoralis minor innervation

Answer 72

Medial pectoral nerve

Question 73

Pectoralis minor action

Answer 73

Depresses scapula and elevates ribs

Question 74

Subclavius

Answer 74

A muscle in the pectoral region attached to the clavicle

Question 75

Subclavius innervation

Answer 75

Nerves to the subclavius

Question 76

Subclavius action

Answer 76

Depresses lateral part of the clavicle

Question 77

Serratus anterior

Answer 77

A muscle in the pectoral region

Question 78

Serratus anterior innervation

Answer 78

Long thoracic nerve

Question 79

Serratus anterior action

Answer 79

Upward rotation of scapula; abducts and elevates arm upwards

Question 80

What are the muscles found in the thoracic wall

Answer 80

External intercostals, internal intercostals, innermost intercostals, transversus thoracis, subcostalis

Question 81

Thoracic wall muscle innervation

Answer 81

Intercostal nerves

Question 82

External intercostal muscle action

Answer 82

Elevates ribs during inspiration

Question 83

Internal intercostal muscle action

Answer 83

Elevates interchondral part of rib, depresses costal part of rib

Question 84

Innermost inercostal muscle action

Answer 84

Elevates ribs

Question 85

Transversus thoracis muscle action

Answer 85

Depresses rib

Question 86

Subcostalis muscle action

Answer 86

Elevates ribs

Question 87

Diaphragm

Answer 87

A muscle found in the inferior thoracic region and separates it from the abdomen

Question 88

Diaphragm innervation

Answer 88

C3, C4, C5 (phrenic nerve)

Question 89

Diaphragm action

Answer 89

Aids in breathing

Question 90

What are the planes of movement of the spine?

Answer 90

1) flexion and extension 2) lateral flexion 3) Rotation

Question 91

Atlantooccipital joint

Answer 91

Involved in head nodding

Question 92

Atlantoaxial joint

Answer 92

Involved in head shaking

Question 93

Ligamentum nuchae attachments

Answer 93

Spinous process of C7 and the external occipital protuberance

Question 94

Spondylosis

Answer 94

A break in the vertebra

Question 95

What is a muscle origin? What is a muscle attachment point?

Answer 95

Immovable fixation point; movable fixation point

Question 96

Origin of Trapezius

Answer 96

Vertebral column

Question 97

Insertion of Trapezius

Answer 97

Spine of scapula

Question 98

Conus medularus

Answer 98

The tapering, bottom end of the spinal cord

Question 99

cauda equina

Answer 99

A bundle of spinal nerves inferior to the conus medularis