Pelvis 05: Development of the Urogenital Tract

Question 1

Where do the kidneys and gonads derive from?

Answer 1

Intermediate mesoderm

Question 2

What do kidneys develop from (not the germ layer, something else)

Answer 2

Nephrogenic cord

Question 3

What are the three sets of kidneys during development?

Answer 3

Pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros

Question 4

Pronephros

Answer 4

One of the three developmental kidneys; found in the cervical region, it induces the development of the mesonephric duct and then involutes

Question 5

Mesonephros

Answer 5

One of the three developmental kidneys; found in the upper thoracic and upper lumbar regions, develops renal corpuscles that function for 4 weeks and then involutes

Question 6

Metanephros

Answer 6

One of the three developmental kidneys; makes the adult kidney; found in lower lumbar and pelvic regions

Question 7

What does the metanephros develop from?

Answer 7

Metanephrogenic mesenchym of the nephrogenic cord; ureteric bud growing up out of the mesonephric duct near the cloaca

Question 8

Ureteric bud

Answer 8

An outgrowth of the mesonephric duct that gives rise to the ureter, renal pelvis, calyces, collecting tubules, and collecting ducts

Question 9

Nephron

Answer 9

The site of blood filtration in the kidneys

Question 10

How are nephrons developed?

Answer 10

They are derived from metanephrogenic mesenchym of intermediate mesoderm

Question 11

Bownman’s capsule

Answer 11

The capsule that surrounds the capillaries and filters blood inside

Question 12

Renal corpuscle

Answer 12

Capsule + glomerulus

Question 13

Unilateral renal agenesis

Answer 13

Missing one kidney due to absence of ureteric bud

Question 14

Oligohydramnios

Answer 14

Deficiency of amniotic fluid due to both kidneys not forming

Question 15

Discoid kidney

Answer 15

The condition of two kidneys fusing inferiorly and medially

Question 16

How do the urogenital sinus and rectum split?

Answer 16

They divide by the division of the cloaca

Question 17

What divides the cloaca?

Answer 17

Urorectal septum, ventral mesenchymal proliferation, slowed growth of dorsal cloaca

Question 18

Whata rises from the urogenital sinus?

Answer 18

Bladder and urethra

Question 19

What causes anorectal malformations

Answer 19

The dorsal cloaca does not slow down in growth

Question 20

Urethral plate

Answer 20

The thickening of the ventral cloacal membrane

Question 21

What are the parts of the urogenital sinus?

Answer 21

Vesical part, pelvic part, phallic part

Question 22

Vesical part

Answer 22

The part of the urogenital sinus that forms the bladder

Question 23

Pelvic part

Answer 23

The part of the urogenital sinus that forms the entire urethra in females and the proximal urethra in males

Question 24

Phallic part

Answer 24

The part of the urogenital sinus that forms most of th e distal urethra in males

Question 25

Trigone

Answer 25

A triangular-shaped area of smooth wall in the back of the bladder; it is developed from mesoderm and then overgrown by endoderm

Question 26

Primary sex characteristics

Answer 26

The structures functioning in reproduction

Question 27

Secondary sex characteristics

Answer 27

Behavioral and structures that differentiates gender

Question 28

Gender identity

Answer 28

Self representation of gender

Question 29

Gender role

Answer 29

Psychological characteristics that are sexually dimorphic

Question 30

Gender dissatisfaction

Answer 30

Unhappiness with one's assigned gender

Question 31

Sexual orientation

Answer 31

Direction of erotic enterest

Question 32

Mesonephric duct

Answer 32

A duct off of the mesonephros that presists and contributes to male gonadic structures

Question 33

Where do gonads develop?

Answer 33

Gonadal fold of the mesonephric ridges

Question 34

Mesonephric ridge

Answer 34

A ridge that is the site of gonad development in the gonadal fold and the two ducts in the tubal fold

Question 35

What are the four cell lines that contribute to the gonads?

Answer 35

Proliferating celomic epithelium, underlying mesonephric mesenchyme, angiogenic mesenchyme, primordial germ cells

Question 36

Primordial germ cells

Answer 36

Germ cells that are not yet differentiated into male or female

Question 37

Wolffian duct

Answer 37

Mesonephric duct, develops into the efferent ductules in males

Question 38

Mullerian duct

Answer 38

Paramesonephric duct, contributes to the fallopian tubes in females

Question 39

How do seminiferous tubules develop?

Answer 39

PGCs and Sertoli cells migrate in; smooth muscle develops from mesonephric mesenchyme

Question 40

How do the efferent ductules develop?

Answer 40

Mesonephric duct

Question 41

How do the rete testis develop?

Answer 41

They are derived from mesonephric mesenchyme

Question 42

How dooes the interstitial tissue between seminiferous tubules develop?

Answer 42

They develop from mesonephric mesenchyme

Question 43

How do the epididymis and ductus deferens develop?

Answer 43

They are derived from the mesonephric duct

Question 44

How do follicular cells develop?

Answer 44

They are formed from cortical sex cords

Question 45

What does the mesonephric mesenchym make in females?

Answer 45

Rete ovarii and stromal cells of the cortex

Question 46

How does the indiferrent state differentiate into male gonads?

Answer 46

Testosterone secretion by Leydig cells acts on the mesonephric duct to preserve it Sertoli cells secrete Anti-Mullerian hormone to degrade to paramesophrenic duct

Question 47

How does the indfiferent state differentiate into female gonads?

Answer 47

Lack of testosterone degrades the mesonephric duct; the paramesonephric duct is preserved

Question 48

How are the vagina and cervix formed?

Answer 48

In females, the paramesonephric ducts fuse in the midline

Question 49

Urticle of the prostate

Answer 49

Remnant of the vagina in males

Question 50

Genital tubercle

Answer 50

The indifferent external genital

Question 51

How do the external male genitalia develop?

Answer 51

Testosterone secretion promotes growth of the genital tubercle which lengthens the phallus, urethral folds, and urethral groove; the urethral folds fuse to form spongy urethra

Question 52

How do the external female genitalia develop?

Answer 52

The genital tubercle differentiates into the glans clitoris and develops corpora cavernosa clitoris; the UG sinus splits into urethral opening and the vagina

Question 53

Urethral meatus

Answer 53

The opening of the urethra on the penis

Question 54

Hypospadias

Answer 54

Abnormal location of urethral meatus

Question 55

Phimosis

Answer 55

The characteristic of the foreskin not being retracted

Question 56

Desquamation plane

Answer 56

The plane between the glans and prepuce of the penis that forms over years of death and shredding of outer layers

Question 57

What determines the genetic sex?

Answer 57

The presence or absence of the Y chromosome

Question 58

What determines the gonadal sex?

Answer 58

The presence or absence of the SRY gene (if absent, other appropriate genes need to be turned on to form ovaries)

Question 59

How does the anti-Mullerian hormone affect male secondary sex traits?

Answer 59

It degenerates the Mullerian duct

Question 60

How does testosterone affect male secondary sex traits?

Answer 60

It maintains the Wolffian duct, promotes the development of the prostate and external genitalia, and promotes the formation of hairs and sebaceous glands

Question 61

Besides the lack of anti-Mullerian hormone and testosterone, what is needed to develop female secondary sex traits?

Answer 61

Estrogen secretion to promote the development of breast tissue and external genitalia

Question 62

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

Answer 62

Testosterone has no effect on the body; the person is externally female but internally male (the Wolffian duct is in place)

Question 63

5Alpha-reductate deficiency

Answer 63

Testosterone cannot affect the external genitalia development properly; female genitalia present until puberty

Question 64

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Answer 64

Testosterone produced in abundance by adrenal glands in chromosomal females; leads to ambiguous external genitalia

Question 65

Detrusor muscle

Answer 65

The muscular propria of the bladder

Question 66

Urothelium

Answer 66

The epithelium that lines the bladder

Question 67

Pubovesicle ligament

Answer 67

A ligament that wraps around the neck of the bladder and attaches to the pubis.

Question 68

Rectal Ampulla

Answer 68

The inferior border of the rectum

Question 69

Pectinate line

Answer 69

The line that is a third of the way down from the anorectal junction; it is a remnant of the proctoduem

Question 70

Proctoduem

Answer 70

Where the cloacal membrane in the embryo opened into the endoderm-derived gut tube

Question 71

What are the three branches of the posterior trunk of the internal illiac arteries?

Answer 71

Iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery, superior gluteal artery