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Human Body (Anatomy) > Pelvis 05: Development of the Urogenital Tract > Flashcards

Pelvis 05: Development of the Urogenital Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the kidneys and gonads derive from?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

What do kidneys develop from (not the germ layer, something else)

A

Nephrogenic cord

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3
Q

What are the three sets of kidneys during development?

A

Pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros

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4
Q

Pronephros

A

One of the three developmental kidneys; found in the cervical region, it induces the development of the mesonephric duct and then involutes

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5
Q

Mesonephros

A

One of the three developmental kidneys; found in the upper thoracic and upper lumbar regions, develops renal corpuscles that function for 4 weeks and then involutes

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6
Q

Metanephros

A

One of the three developmental kidneys; makes the adult kidney; found in lower lumbar and pelvic regions

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7
Q

What does the metanephros develop from?

A

Metanephrogenic mesenchym of the nephrogenic cord; ureteric bud growing up out of the mesonephric duct near the cloaca

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8
Q

Ureteric bud

A

An outgrowth of the mesonephric duct that gives rise to the ureter, renal pelvis, calyces, collecting tubules, and collecting ducts

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9
Q

Nephron

A

The site of blood filtration in the kidneys

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10
Q

How are nephrons developed?

A

They are derived from metanephrogenic mesenchym of intermediate mesoderm

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11
Q

Bownman’s capsule

A

The capsule that surrounds the capillaries and filters blood inside

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12
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

Capsule + glomerulus

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13
Q

Unilateral renal agenesis

A

Missing one kidney due to absence of ureteric bud

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14
Q

Oligohydramnios

A

Deficiency of amniotic fluid due to both kidneys not forming

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15
Q

Discoid kidney

A

The condition of two kidneys fusing inferiorly and medially

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16
Q

How do the urogenital sinus and rectum split?

A

They divide by the division of the cloaca

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17
Q

What divides the cloaca?

A

Urorectal septum, ventral mesenchymal proliferation, slowed growth of dorsal cloaca

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18
Q

Whata rises from the urogenital sinus?

A

Bladder and urethra

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19
Q

What causes anorectal malformations

A

The dorsal cloaca does not slow down in growth

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20
Q

Urethral plate

A

The thickening of the ventral cloacal membrane

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21
Q

What are the parts of the urogenital sinus?

A

Vesical part, pelvic part, phallic part

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22
Q

Vesical part

A

The part of the urogenital sinus that forms the bladder

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23
Q

Pelvic part

A

The part of the urogenital sinus that forms the entire urethra in females and the proximal urethra in males

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24
Q

Phallic part

A

The part of the urogenital sinus that forms most of th e distal urethra in males

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25
Q

Trigone

A

A triangular-shaped area of smooth wall in the back of the bladder; it is developed from mesoderm and then overgrown by endoderm

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26
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

The structures functioning in reproduction

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27
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Behavioral and structures that differentiates gender

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28
Q

Gender identity

A

Self representation of gender

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29
Q

Gender role

A

Psychological characteristics that are sexually dimorphic

30
Q

Gender dissatisfaction

A

Unhappiness with one’s assigned gender

31
Q

Sexual orientation

A

Direction of erotic enterest

32
Q

Mesonephric duct

A

A duct off of the mesonephros that presists and contributes to male gonadic structures

33
Q

Where do gonads develop?

A

Gonadal fold of the mesonephric ridges

34
Q

Mesonephric ridge

A

A ridge that is the site of gonad development in the gonadal fold and the two ducts in the tubal fold

35
Q

What are the four cell lines that contribute to the gonads?

A

Proliferating celomic epithelium, underlying mesonephric mesenchyme, angiogenic mesenchyme, primordial germ cells

36
Q

Primordial germ cells

A

Germ cells that are not yet differentiated into male or female

37
Q

Wolffian duct

A

Mesonephric duct, develops into the efferent ductules in males

38
Q

Mullerian duct

A

Paramesonephric duct, contributes to the fallopian tubes in females

39
Q

How do seminiferous tubules develop?

A

PGCs and Sertoli cells migrate in; smooth muscle develops from mesonephric mesenchyme

40
Q

How do the efferent ductules develop?

A

Mesonephric duct

41
Q

How do the rete testis develop?

A

They are derived from mesonephric mesenchyme

42
Q

How dooes the interstitial tissue between seminiferous tubules develop?

A

They develop from mesonephric mesenchyme

43
Q

How do the epididymis and ductus deferens develop?

A

They are derived from the mesonephric duct

44
Q

How do follicular cells develop?

A

They are formed from cortical sex cords

45
Q

What does the mesonephric mesenchym make in females?

A

Rete ovarii and stromal cells of the cortex

46
Q

How does the indiferrent state differentiate into male gonads?

A

Testosterone secretion by Leydig cells acts on the mesonephric duct to preserve it
Sertoli cells secrete Anti-Mullerian hormone to degrade to paramesophrenic duct

47
Q

How does the indfiferent state differentiate into female gonads?

A

Lack of testosterone degrades the mesonephric duct; the paramesonephric duct is preserved

48
Q

How are the vagina and cervix formed?

A

In females, the paramesonephric ducts fuse in the midline

49
Q

Urticle of the prostate

A

Remnant of the vagina in males

50
Q

Genital tubercle

A

The indifferent external genital

51
Q

How do the external male genitalia develop?

A

Testosterone secretion promotes growth of the genital tubercle which lengthens the phallus, urethral folds, and urethral groove; the urethral folds fuse to form spongy urethra

52
Q

How do the external female genitalia develop?

A

The genital tubercle differentiates into the glans clitoris and develops corpora cavernosa clitoris; the UG sinus splits into urethral opening and the vagina

53
Q

Urethral meatus

A

The opening of the urethra on the penis

54
Q

Hypospadias

A

Abnormal location of urethral meatus

55
Q

Phimosis

A

The characteristic of the foreskin not being retracted

56
Q

Desquamation plane

A

The plane between the glans and prepuce of the penis that forms over years of death and shredding of outer layers

57
Q

What determines the genetic sex?

A

The presence or absence of the Y chromosome

58
Q

What determines the gonadal sex?

A

The presence or absence of the SRY gene (if absent, other appropriate genes need to be turned on to form ovaries)

59
Q

How does the anti-Mullerian hormone affect male secondary sex traits?

A

It degenerates the Mullerian duct

60
Q

How does testosterone affect male secondary sex traits?

A

It maintains the Wolffian duct, promotes the development of the prostate and external genitalia, and promotes the formation of hairs and sebaceous glands

61
Q

Besides the lack of anti-Mullerian hormone and testosterone, what is needed to develop female secondary sex traits?

A

Estrogen secretion to promote the development of breast tissue and external genitalia

62
Q

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

A

Testosterone has no effect on the body; the person is externally female but internally male (the Wolffian duct is in place)

63
Q

5Alpha-reductate deficiency

A

Testosterone cannot affect the external genitalia development properly; female genitalia present until puberty

64
Q

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

A

Testosterone produced in abundance by adrenal glands in chromosomal females; leads to ambiguous external genitalia

65
Q

Detrusor muscle

A

The muscular propria of the bladder

66
Q

Urothelium

A

The epithelium that lines the bladder

67
Q

Pubovesicle ligament

A

A ligament that wraps around the neck of the bladder and attaches to the pubis.

68
Q

Rectal Ampulla

A

The inferior border of the rectum

69
Q

Pectinate line

A

The line that is a third of the way down from the anorectal junction; it is a remnant of the proctoduem

70
Q

Proctoduem

A

Where the cloacal membrane in the embryo opened into the endoderm-derived gut tube

71
Q

What are the three branches of the posterior trunk of the internal illiac arteries?

A

Iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery, superior gluteal artery

Human Body (Anatomy) (38 decks)

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