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Human Body (Anatomy) > Thorax 06: Development Of Heart and Vessels > Flashcards

Thorax 06: Development Of Heart and Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the splanchnic mesoderm lie before body folding?

A

Rostal to the buccopharyngeal-oropharyngeal membrane

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2
Q

What embryonic tissue eventually becomes the heart?

A

Mesenchyme

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3
Q

Where does heart development signalling come from?

A

Foregut floor

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4
Q

[Blank] can migrate into the heart and contribute to its development

A

Neural crest cells

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5
Q

Endocardium

A

Endothelium of the heart

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6
Q

Myocardium

A

Middle epithelial layer of the heart

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7
Q

Epicardium

A

Outer epithelia of the heart

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8
Q

Dorsal mesocardium

A

The mesentery of the heart that connects it to the foregut. The venous return to the heart traverses it

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9
Q

When do the two heart tubes from? When do they fuse?

A

They form in the 3rd week when the heart is folded caudally underneath the foregut floor. They fuse in the 4th week

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10
Q

Cardiac jelly

A

ECM secreted by the myocardium that lies between the endocardium and myocardium

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11
Q

Epimyocardium

A

Refers to the epicardium and myocardium together. Also known as myoepicardium

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12
Q

What regions does a single heart tube differentiate into?

A

Sinus venous, primitive atrium, primitive ventricle, conus arteriosus, truncus arteriosus

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13
Q

In the primitive heart, what is the flow of blood?

A

Sinus venous -> primitive atrium -> primitive ventricle -> conus arteriosus -> truncus arteriosus -> aortic sac -> aortic arches

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14
Q

How does the heart tube fold in week 4?

A

Primitive ventricle and conus arteriosus lie ventrally and to the left. Sinus venous and primitive atrium lie dorsally. Top folds down and bottom folds up

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15
Q

Where do arteries come out of? Where do veins go in to?

A

Arteries come out of front and veins go in from back. Nothing goes in the front or the bottom of the heart because of folding

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16
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

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17
Q

Atrioventricular canal

A

A canal that forms between the primitive atrium and primitive ventricle

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18
Q

How is the atrioventricular canal partitioned?

A

Dorsal and ventral walls fuse, creating right and left AV canals. These canals act as valves

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19
Q

Septum primium

A

The first membrane that forms to split off right and left atria. It grows from the roof and makes its way towards the fusion of the endocardial cussions

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20
Q

Foramen primium

A

A gap that acts as a shunt between the right and left atrium during development. It is bordered superiorally by the septum primium and disappears when the septum primium fuses with the endocardial cushions

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21
Q

Foramen secundum

A

Gaps in the spetum primium that are caused by apoptosis of the septum, replacing the foramin primium

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22
Q

Septum secundum

A

A septum that grows from the ventrocranial wall to overlap foramen secundum

23
Q

Foramen ovale

A

A valve formed in the septum secundum giving passage to oxygenated blood from the placenta, allowing it to bypass the pulmonary circuit. It fuses shut at birth

24
Q

Fossa ovalis

A

The remnant of the foramen ovale after it is fused shut

25
Q

How is the smooth wall of the left atrium formed?

A

It absorbs pulmonary vein tissue as the heart grows out. This results in separate pulmonary veins feeding into the left atrium directly and not a vein stem

26
Q

Interventricular septum

A

A muscular septum that grows from cranially from the ventricular floor to partition the primitive ventricle

27
Q

Interventricular foramen

A

Foramen that form in the interventricular septum

28
Q

When and how do the interventricular foramen close?

A

In week 7 by the fusion of the interventricular septum with the endocardial cushions

29
Q

Septation

A

Partitioning of the outflow tract

30
Q

Where do bulbar and truncal ridges originate from?

A

Neural crest cells

31
Q

Aorticopulmonary septum

A

The fusion of bulbar and truncal ridges that separates the aorta from the pulmonary trunk

32
Q

How many aortic arches are there?

A

6

33
Q

What happens to aortic arches 1 and 2?

A

They contribute to maxillary arteries

34
Q

What happens to aortic arch 3?

A

It becomes common carotid and the base of internal carotid arteries on both sides

35
Q

What happens to aortic arch 4?

A

It becomes part of the aortic arch and proximal subclavian artery

36
Q

What happens to aortic arch 5?

A

It involutes

37
Q

What happens to aortic arch 6?

A

It becomes ductus arteriosus and central part of pulmonary trunk

38
Q

What happens to the recurrent laryngeal branches?

A

Right RL nerve passes under right subclavian artery. Left RL nerve passes under aortic arch and behind ductus arteriosus

39
Q

What happens to the vitelline veins?

A

They are captured by the liver in week 7 and become the portal vein

40
Q

What happens to the umbilical veins?

A

Right one involutes, left one develops into ductus venosus

41
Q

Ductus venosus

A

A shunt that forms to send blood through liver to inferior vena cava

42
Q

Brachiocephalic vein

A

Formed by the anastomosis of the left and right cardinal veins to shunt blood to the right side of the body

43
Q

Where does the coronary sinus form from?

A

sinus venosus

44
Q

How does the foramen ovale close?

A

With respiration, there is decreased resistance in lungs, opening the pulmonary artery. The pressure differences closes the ovale and forms the fossa ovalis

45
Q

How does the Ductus arteriosus close?

A

Lung releases bradykinin which causes constriction of the smooth muscle of DA; additionally, levels of prostaglandin E decrease because there is no placenta so the DA closes

46
Q

Atrial Septal defects

A

Any set of disorders where the spetum do not properly divide the primitive atirum

47
Q

Ventricular septal defects

A

Any set of disorders where the septum do not properly divide the primitive ventricle

48
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

Results from:

1) pulmonary trunk stenosis
2) hypertrophy of the right ventrical wall
3) High ventricular septal defects
4) Overriding aorta

It is related to the unequal division of the conus arteriosus

49
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus

A

The flowing of blood from the aortic arch to the pulmonary trunk due to the distal part of the 6th aortic arch failing to involute

50
Q

Aortic coarctation

A

Narrowing of the aorta and can be deadly if it is post-ductus

51
Q

Truncus arteriosus

A

Incomplete separation of truncus and conus leading to fistulas between the aorta and pulmonary trunk

52
Q

Endocardial cushions

A

Structures that bulge out and develop to partition the atria from the ventricles

53
Q

What cells help form the aorticopulmonary septum

A

Neural crest cells

54
Q

What do the umbilical arteries become in the adult?

A

The medial umbilical ligaments and superior vesicular arteries

Human Body (Anatomy) (38 decks)

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