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Human Body (Anatomy) > Thorax 02: Thoracic wall > Flashcards

Thorax 02: Thoracic wall Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the body wall of the thoracic wall derive from?

A

Somites

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2
Q

Where do the ribs and sternum derive from?

A

Scleretome

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3
Q

Where do the intercostal muscles derive from?

A

Myotome

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4
Q

Mediastinum

A

The central compartment of the thoracic cavity surrounded by loose connective tissue, containing the heart, vessels, aorta esophagus, and trachea; extends from the superior thoracic aperture to the diaphragm

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5
Q

Pulmonary Cavities

A

A set of two cavities lateral to the mediastinum that contain the lungs, pleural sacs, arteries, veins, and bronchi

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6
Q

Inferior thoracic aperture

A

Diaphragm; lowest point of the mediastinum

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7
Q

Sternal Angle

A

The junction between the sternum manubrium and sternum body that levels off; it divides the mediastinum into superior and inferior

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8
Q

Superior mediastinum

A

The mediastinum between the superior thoracic aperture and the strernal angle

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9
Q

Inferior mediastinum

A

The mediastinum between the sternal angle and the inferior thoracic aperture; subdivided into anterior, middle and posterior mediastina

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10
Q

Ribs

A

Bones that articulate from the thoracic vertebra and into the sternum

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11
Q

Costal cartialge

A

The cartilage that connects the rib bone to the sternum

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12
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

Muscles that run between ribs; divided into external, internal, and innermost

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13
Q

What nerve innervates hypaxial muscle?

A

Ventral ramus

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14
Q

What nerve innervates epaxial muscle?

A

Dorsal ramus

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15
Q

Subcostalis

A

Muscle fibers that run in the same direction as internal intercostal muscles

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16
Q

Transversus thoracis

A

4 or 5 muscular slips arise from the xiphoid process and inferior part of the sternal body, run superolaterally to insert on the upper costal cartilages. Located anteriorly

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17
Q

Manubrium

A

The top part of the sternum, running up until the sternal angle

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18
Q

Sternal body

A

The middle section of the sternum

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19
Q

Xiphoid process

A

The bottom part of the sternum that sticks out

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20
Q

What is another name for the sternal angle?

A

Angle of Louis

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21
Q

Jugular notch

A

A notch at the top of the sternal manubrium; also known as the suprasternal notch

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22
Q

Intercostal nerve

A

Ventral ramus, because it runs through intercostal muscle (in a layer between inner and innermost)

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23
Q

Cutaneous branch

A

Branches of the intercostal nerve that branch up to the skin; there are lateral branches and anterior branches

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24
Q

Where do almost all of the thoracic veins drain to?

A

Superior vena cava

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25
Q

Intercostal artery

A

The artery that runs along the intercostal muscles; posterior and anterior joined by anastomosis

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26
Q

Superior Thoracic aperture

A

Top of the thorax and the neck, up to the top of the sternum

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27
Q

What structures traverse the superior thoracic aperture?

A

Esophagus, trachea, left carotid and subclavian arteries, lungs, brachiocephalic trunk, Sympathetic trunks, vagus nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve, phrenic nerves, cervical cardiac nerves, brachiocephalic veins

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28
Q

Thoracic outlet syndrome

A

Compression of brachial plexus of nerves

29
Q

What are the three locations structures can pass through the inferior thoracic aperture?

A

T8, T10, T12

30
Q

What structures pass through the inferior thoracic aperture at T8

A

(Caval opening) IVC, branches of rt. phrenic n.

31
Q

What structures pass through the inferior thoracic aperture at T10

A

(Esophageal hiatus) Esophagus, lymph channels, branches of lt. gastric vessels

32
Q

What structures pass through the inferior thoracic aperture at T12

A

(Aortic hiatus) Aorta, thoracic duct, azygos v.

33
Q

What vertebral marks is the sternal angle plane?

A

T4/T5

34
Q

Mammary glands

A

Modified sweat glands embedded in the superficial fascia of the anterior thoracic wall

35
Q

Secretory tubuloacinar mammary glands

A

Ducts and acini with columnar and cuboidal cells and myoepithelial cells

36
Q

interlobular and intra-lobular CT of mammary glands

A

Fibroblasts, blood vessels, lymphatics, inflammatory cells, ECM

37
Q

Nipple

A

The point where the lactiferous ducts of all the lobules converge

38
Q

Lactiferous sinus

A

Dilation of the ducts just deep of the nipple

39
Q

Areola

A

Circular pigmented tissue around the nipple, has sebaceous areolar glands

40
Q

Are inverted nipples a sign of cancer?

A

If it appear de novo; otherwise, it is normal

41
Q

Axillary tail

A

a superolateral extension of the mammary gland that reaches the armpit

42
Q

What are the two layers of the lactiferous ducts

A

Tall columnar and myoepithelial (produces laminin)

43
Q

How does breast tissue change with the menstrual cycle?

A

Lumen becomes more prominent late in cycle

44
Q

How does breast tissue change with pregnancy?

A

New ductal branch points and lobules form

45
Q

How does breast tissue change with age?

A

interlobular stroma becomes more adipose, glandular tissue involutes

46
Q

Clockface regions of the breast

A

12/3/6/9. 3 is medial on right breast but lateral on left breast. Vice versa with 9

47
Q

Quadrants of the breast

A

Breast divided into upper, medial, lower, lateral. Quadrants are defined from there

48
Q

Retromammary space

A

Loose connective tissue plane that separates the breasts from deep fascia of the underlying muscles

49
Q

Peau d’orange

A

A type of edema which gives breasts an orange-like look (like the fruit); supersensory ligaments prevent uniform swelling

50
Q

What supplies blood to the lateral mammary tissue?

A

Lateral thoracic arteries/axillary arteries

51
Q

What supplies blood to the medial mammary tissue?

A

Medial thoracic arteries/subclavian arteries

52
Q

How is breast cancer staged?

A

The lymph nodes invaded relative to pectoralis minor

53
Q

External Intercostal membrane

A

Replaces external intercostal muscles between the costochondral junction and the sternum

54
Q

Internal intercostal membrane

A

Replaces internal intercostal muscles between the angle of the ribs and the vertebral column

55
Q

Subcostalis

A

Muscles fibers that cross two intercostal spaces near the spinal cord and run in the same direction as internal intercostals

56
Q

Transversus throacis

A

4-5 anterior muscles that originate from the xiphoid process and run superiolaterally to insert in the upper costal cartilages

57
Q

What are the three throacic nerves?

A

Greater splanchnic nerve, lesser splanchnic nerve, least splanchnic nerve. They are in order from inside to outside

58
Q

Posterior intercostal artery

A

Intersegmental artery + ventral ramus

59
Q

Internal thoracic artery

A

An artery that runs longitudinally down the rib cage that supplies the anterior chest walls and breasts

60
Q

Anterior intercostal arteries

A

Supply the upper 5 or 6 intercostal spaces

61
Q

What nerves supply breast tissue?

A

Anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of 4th – 6th intercostal nerves

62
Q

What are the three stages of breast cancer?

A

Level 1: lateral to pec minor
Level 2: deep of pec minor
Level 3: medial to pec minor

63
Q

What four main structures are found at the sternal angle?

A

1) beginning and end or aortic arch
2) SVC enters the pericardial sac
3) Tracheal bifurcation
4) Pulmonary trunk bifurcation

64
Q

What are the two inferior branches of the internal thoracic arteries?

A

1) Musculophrenic arteries

2) Superior epigastricarteries

65
Q

Where do the intercostal neurovascular bundles of each thoracic segment travel with respect to the ribs?

A

Inferiorally to the respective rib in the costal groove

66
Q

What is the arrangement of neurovascular bundles?

A

Vein, artery, nerve

67
Q

What are the three general layers of tissue in the breast?

A

1) Mammary glands
2) Interlobular and intralobular connective tissue
3) Superficial fascia, fat, and skin

68
Q

Subareolar plexus

A

The lymphatic plexus that anatomoses with the contralateral breast

Human Body (Anatomy) (38 decks)

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