Body Plan 04: Circulatory Systems and Blood

Question 1

What are the functions of the circulatory system

Answer 1

Thermoregulation; transport of gasses, hormones, and immune system cells

Question 2

Where does the circulatory system derive from?

Answer 2

Splanchnic mesoderm

Question 3

What are the three processes for the formation of blood vessels?

Answer 3

Vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, Hematopoiesis

Question 4

Vasculogenesis

Answer 4

The process of creating blood vessels. Can occur extraembryonically or intraembryonically

Question 5

Extraembryonic vasculogenesis

Answer 5

Extraembryonic mesoderm cells differentiate into blood vessel endothelium and hematopoietic cells

Question 6

Where is the first place that vasculogenesis occurs?

Answer 6

Yolk sac, extraembryonic

Question 7

Intraembryonic vasculogenesis

Answer 7

Somites and splanchnopleur differentiate into endothelial cells. Hematopoietic stem cells arise from the endothelia in aorta, mesonephros, and gonads

Question 8

Angiogenesis

Answer 8

Formation of blood vessels from existing blood vessels. Used for development and wound healing

Question 9

Anastomosis

Answer 9

The combining of two existing blood vessels to create a new blood vessel. Used in angiogenesis

Question 10

Lymphangiogenesis

Answer 10

The formation of the lymphatic system from veins (buds off of vein)

Question 11

What do vascular endothelium cells recruit to develop the outer layers of the vascular walls?

Answer 11

Smooth muscle and pericytes

Question 12

From inner to outer, what are the three layers of the circulatory system tubes?

Answer 12

Tunica intima, tunica media, adventitia

Question 13

What organ does not follow the standard cardiovascular model?

Answer 13

Spleen

Question 14

Where does homatopoiesis occur during development?

Answer 14

Yolk sac in week 3; umbellical vessel in first trimester, spleen and liver in second trimester; bone marrow in third trimester

Question 15

Bone Marrow

Answer 15

Tissue that is responsbile for erythrocyte production

Question 16

Red bone marrow

Answer 16

Active bone marrow

Question 17

Yellow bone marrow

Answer 17

Fatty (inactive) bone marrow

Question 18

“One-for-me, one-for-you”

Answer 18

Hemateopoietic stem cell replication: one HSC and one differentiated cell

Question 19

What level of potency are HSCs?

Answer 19

Multipotent

Question 20

What are the contents of blood

Answer 20

Erythorcytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes, plasma

Question 21

Erythrocytes

Answer 21

Red blood cells, anucleated in adults and developed in bone marrow. It is flexible and transports gasses

Question 22

Leukocytes

Answer 22

White blood cells, cells of the immune system found in the blood (but function mainly in tissue)

Question 23

What are the five leukocytes commonly found in blood?

Answer 23

Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocyte, monocyte

Question 24

Neutrophil

Answer 24

Antibacterial cells, main component of pus. Multi-lobed nuceluus

Question 25

Which leukocyte is the most common in blood?

Answer 25

Neutrophil

Question 26

Which leukocyte fights off bacteria

Answer 26

Neutrophil

Question 27

Eosinophile

Answer 27

Stained red, di-lobed nucelus. Active during infallmation due to asthma and hay fever

Question 28

Which leukocyte fights off worms?

Answer 28

Eosinophil

Question 29

Basophils

Answer 29

Granuled cells, contribute to anaphylaxis and other related inflammations

Question 30

Which leukocyte is the rarest in blood?

Answer 30

Basophil; potentially the same as mast cell

Question 31

Lymphocyte

Answer 31

Adaptive immune cells, about as small as a red blood cell. There are two types

Question 32

B-cells

Answer 32

A type of lymphocyte that matures in bone marrow. They secrete antibodies

Question 33

T-cells

Answer 33

A type of lymphocyte that matures in the thymus. They are involved in direct cellular response

Question 34

Monocyte

Answer 34

Mononuclear phagocyte system and have an indent in the nucleus. Gives rise to many different types of cells (microglia, osteoclasts, etc.)

Question 35

Thrombocytes

Answer 35

Platelets, function in clotting and healing. They are fragmented off of megakaryocytes

Question 36

What are the sections of bone marrow

Answer 36

Sinusoids and hematopoietic cords

Question 37

Sinusoids

Answer 37

The area of bone marrow where erythrocytes develop

Question 38

Hematopoietic cords

Answer 38

The area of bone marrow where leukocytes are made

Question 39

Megakaryocytes

Answer 39

Large cells found in bone marrow that make platelets

Question 40

Functions of the lymphatic system

Answer 40

1) drain excess fluid from tissue | 2) mingling of leukocytes to present antigens