Pelvis 06: Urinary System and GI Tract

Question 1

How do the ureters move urine?

Answer 1

Peristalsis

Question 2

Detrusor muscle

Answer 2

The muscle that lines the wall of the bladder; is controlled by visceral motor nerves

Question 3

What are the defining points of the uretal trigone?

Answer 3

The openings of the ureters and the internal urethral orifice

Question 4

Internal urethral orifice

Answer 4

The opening of the urethra from the bladder

Question 5

What is the renal blood flow?

Answer 5

Renal artery -> segmental artery -> interlobar artery -> arcuate artery -> interlobular artery -> afferent and efferent arterioles of the superficial glomeruly -> afferent and efferent arterioles of the juxtamedullary glomeruli -> vasa recta

Question 6

About how many nephrons are in a kidney?

Answer 6

2 million

Question 7

What does a nephron consist of?

Answer 7

Renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal convoluted tubule, collecting tubule

Question 8

What is the path of urine after the nephron up to the minor calyx?

Answer 8

Collecting duct -> Ducts of Bellini -> Area cribosa -> minor calyx

Question 9

Area cribosa

Answer 9

The apex of the renal papila, where urine drains to the minor calyx

Question 10

Renal corpuscle

Answer 10

Consists of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

Question 11

Medullary rays

Answer 11

Medulla-like tissue found in the renal cortex to house superficial glomeruli

Question 12

Glomerulus

Answer 12

The capillary bed surrounded by Bowman’s capsule in the renal corpuscle

Question 13

Podocytes

Answer 13

Cells at the vascular pole of Bowman’s space that cover the capilaries

Question 14

What is the epithelium that covers the vascular and urinary poles of the parietal layer Bowman’s capsule?

Answer 14

Simple squamous epithelium

Question 15

Mesangium

Answer 15

A group of mesangial cells that are basement membrane-like and are continuous with the basement membrane between capillaries and podocytes; they are secretory cells

Question 16

How is blood filtered in the renal corpuscle?

Answer 16

Fenestrations in the endothelium allow particles to seep through. They are filtered through the capillary basement membrane and filtration slits between podocyte cells before entering into Bowman’s space

Question 17

What is the main histological difference between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules?

Answer 17

Proximal: brush border
Distal: no brish border

Question 18

What is the epithelium of the collecting duct?

Answer 18

Simple columnar with rounded apices

Question 19

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 19

An apparatus at the apposition of the distal convoluted tubule and the afferent arteriole of the glomerulus

Question 20

Macula densa

Answer 20

A group of cells at the distal convoluted tubule found at the juxtaglomerular apparatus; densly packed and columnar

Question 21

Lacis cells

Answer 21

Specialized cells found between the afferent arteriole and the distal convoluted tubule of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 22

What does the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system do?

Answer 22

It regulates (increases) blood pressure

Question 23

What are the three mechanisms of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

Answer 23

1) sympathetic stimulation increases renin secretion by arteriole cells
2) baroreceptors of the juxtaglomerular apparatus have decreases stretch yields
3) Macula densa senses decrease in sodium concentration

Question 24

Uroletrium

Answer 24

Translational epithelium found from minor calyx to proximal urethra; umbrella cells that can contract and distend

Question 25

Median umbilical ligament

Answer 25

A ligament that is connected to the umbilical artery and the apex of the bladder

Question 26

What is the superior surface of the bladder related to?

Answer 26

Peritoneum

Question 27

What is the posterior surface of the bladder related to?

Answer 27

In males: rectum | In females: vagina

Question 28

Pubovesical ligament

Answer 28

A ligament that runs from the pubis and around the urethra underneath the bladder in females

Question 29

Puboprostatic ligament

Answer 29

A ligament that runs from the pubis and around the prostate in males

Question 30

In males, what is the bladder related to laterally?

Answer 30

Paravesical pouches

Question 31

In males, what is the bladder related to superiorally

Answer 31

Small intestines (1 point) and peritoneum (3 points)

Question 32

In males, what is the bladder related to inferiorly?

Answer 32

Prostate

Question 33

In males, what is the bladder related to anteriorly?

Answer 33

Retropubic space

Question 34

In males, what is the bladder related to posteriorly?

Answer 34

Retrovesicle pouch, ureters, deferent duct, seminal vesicles, rectum

Question 35

Denonvillier fascia

Answer 35

A fascia that separates the rectum and bladder in males

Question 36

Where do sympathetics of the bladder go to?

Answer 36

Detrusor muscle and internal urethral sphincter

Question 37

Where do parasympathetics of the bladder go to?

Answer 37

Detrusor muscle and internal urethral sphincter

Question 38

What do visceral sensory afferents of the bladder sense?

Answer 38

Sensation of bladder fullness

Question 39

What do visceral non-sensory afferents of the bladder sense?

Answer 39

Distention of the bladder

Question 40

What are the sources of the inferior hypogastric plexus?

Answer 40

Superior hypogastric plexus; ventral rami of S2,3,4; sympathetic trunk

Question 41

Pelvic splanchnics

Answer 41

Nerves that take out visceral afferents (nonsensory and bottom half of sensory) from the bladder and bring in parasympathetics

Question 42

Hypogastric nerves

Answer 42

Nerves that take out visceral sensory afferents from the top half of the bladder

Question 43

What do visceral sympathetic nerves do to the bladder?

Answer 43

Inhibit the detrusor muscle and activate the internal urethral sphincter

Question 44

What do visceral parasympathetic nerves do to the blader?

Answer 44

Activate the detrusor muscle and inhibit the internal urethral sphincter

Question 45

What are the sphincters of the male urethra?

Answer 45

Internal and external urethral sphincters

Question 46

What innervates the external urethral sphincter(s)?

Answer 46

S2-4 via the pudendal nerve

Question 47

What are the sphincters of the female urethra?

Answer 47

External urethral sphincter, urethrovaginalis, compressor urethrae (all external) Some clinicians believe there is no internal sphincter

Question 48

What happens neurologically when the bladder fills at low volumes?

Answer 48

Visceral non-sensory afferents are stimulated; they excite Onuf's nucleus to maintain tone of external sphincter and excite T12-L1 to inhibit detrusor muscle

Question 49

What happens neurologically when the bladder fills at high volumes?

Answer 49

Visceral sensory afferents signal to L1-2; PMC inhibits sympathetics to the bladder, excites parasympathetic, and inhibits Onuf's nucleus

Question 50

Pontine micturition center

Answer 50

PMC; a nervous site that controls bladder full response

Question 51

Neurogenic bladders

Answer 51

A condition that results when there is bladder dysfunction at the neurological level

Question 52

Reflexive neruogenic bladders

Answer 52

Bladder reflexes are intact; can be inhibited or uninhibited

Question 53

Inhibited reflexive neurogenic bladder

Answer 53

Connection between pons and sacrum is broken; prevents sphincters from relaxing

Question 54

Uninhibited reflexive neurogenic bladder

Answer 54

PMC cannot be controlled by the frontal lobe; urinary incontinence like a small infant

Question 55

Nonreflexive neurogenic bladder

Answer 55

Bladder reflex is broken in the spine; bladder overflows

Question 56

Rectal ampulla

Answer 56

The section of the rectum where the feces are stored

Question 57

Anal canal

Answer 57

A canal that starts at the pelvic diaphragm and runs to the anus

Question 58

Transverse rectal folds

Answer 58

Three folds found in the rectum

Question 59

Anal columns

Answer 59

Column-like folds found in the anal canal

Question 60

Anal sinuses

Answer 60

Valve-like sinuses found at the bottom of the anal columns

Question 61

Pectinate line

Answer 61

The line that is formed by anal sinuses where aprocrine glands are found

Question 62

Anal crypts

Answer 62

Blind sacs at the bottom of anal sinuses and are covered by anal valves

Question 63

What innervates the internal anal sphincter?

Answer 63

Sympathetics of the hypogastric plexus and parasympathetics of S2-S4

Question 64

What innervates the external anal sphincter?

Answer 64

Pudendal nerve of S2-S4

Question 65

Puborectalis muscle

Answer 65

A muscle of the pelvic diaphragm that is innervated by S4 and is relaxed during defacation

Question 66

Recto-anal transition zone

Answer 66

Where the rectum becomes the anal canal; it is NOT the same as the pectinate line