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Human Body (Anatomy) > Pelvis 06: Urinary System and GI Tract > Flashcards

Pelvis 06: Urinary System and GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

How do the ureters move urine?

A

Peristalsis

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2
Q

Detrusor muscle

A

The muscle that lines the wall of the bladder; is controlled by visceral motor nerves

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3
Q

What are the defining points of the uretal trigone?

A

The openings of the ureters and the internal urethral orifice

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4
Q

Internal urethral orifice

A

The opening of the urethra from the bladder

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5
Q

What is the renal blood flow?

A

Renal artery -> segmental artery -> interlobar artery -> arcuate artery -> interlobular artery -> afferent and efferent arterioles of the superficial glomeruly -> afferent and efferent arterioles of the juxtamedullary glomeruli -> vasa recta

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6
Q

About how many nephrons are in a kidney?

A

2 million

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7
Q

What does a nephron consist of?

A

Renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal convoluted tubule, collecting tubule

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8
Q

What is the path of urine after the nephron up to the minor calyx?

A

Collecting duct -> Ducts of Bellini -> Area cribosa -> minor calyx

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9
Q

Area cribosa

A

The apex of the renal papila, where urine drains to the minor calyx

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10
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

Consists of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

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11
Q

Medullary rays

A

Medulla-like tissue found in the renal cortex to house superficial glomeruli

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12
Q

Glomerulus

A

The capillary bed surrounded by Bowman’s capsule in the renal corpuscle

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13
Q

Podocytes

A

Cells at the vascular pole of Bowman’s space that cover the capilaries

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14
Q

What is the epithelium that covers the vascular and urinary poles of the parietal layer Bowman’s capsule?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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15
Q

Mesangium

A

A group of mesangial cells that are basement membrane-like and are continuous with the basement membrane between capillaries and podocytes; they are secretory cells

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16
Q

How is blood filtered in the renal corpuscle?

A

Fenestrations in the endothelium allow particles to seep through. They are filtered through the capillary basement membrane and filtration slits between podocyte cells before entering into Bowman’s space

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17
Q

What is the main histological difference between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules?

A

Proximal: brush border
Distal: no brish border

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18
Q

What is the epithelium of the collecting duct?

A

Simple columnar with rounded apices

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19
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

An apparatus at the apposition of the distal convoluted tubule and the afferent arteriole of the glomerulus

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20
Q

Macula densa

A

A group of cells at the distal convoluted tubule found at the juxtaglomerular apparatus; densly packed and columnar

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21
Q

Lacis cells

A

Specialized cells found between the afferent arteriole and the distal convoluted tubule of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

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22
Q

What does the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system do?

A

It regulates (increases) blood pressure

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23
Q

What are the three mechanisms of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

A

1) sympathetic stimulation increases renin secretion by arteriole cells
2) baroreceptors of the juxtaglomerular apparatus have decreases stretch yields
3) Macula densa senses decrease in sodium concentration

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24
Q

Uroletrium

A

Translational epithelium found from minor calyx to proximal urethra; umbrella cells that can contract and distend

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25
Q

Median umbilical ligament

A

A ligament that is connected to the umbilical artery and the apex of the bladder

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26
Q

What is the superior surface of the bladder related to?

A

Peritoneum

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27
Q

What is the posterior surface of the bladder related to?

A

In males: rectum

In females: vagina

28
Q

Pubovesical ligament

A

A ligament that runs from the pubis and around the urethra underneath the bladder in females

29
Q

Puboprostatic ligament

A

A ligament that runs from the pubis and around the prostate in males

30
Q

In males, what is the bladder related to laterally?

A

Paravesical pouches

31
Q

In males, what is the bladder related to superiorally

A

Small intestines (1 point) and peritoneum (3 points)

32
Q

In males, what is the bladder related to inferiorly?

A

Prostate

33
Q

In males, what is the bladder related to anteriorly?

A

Retropubic space

34
Q

In males, what is the bladder related to posteriorly?

A

Retrovesicle pouch, ureters, deferent duct, seminal vesicles, rectum

35
Q

Denonvillier fascia

A

A fascia that separates the rectum and bladder in males

36
Q

Where do sympathetics of the bladder go to?

A

Detrusor muscle and internal urethral sphincter

37
Q

Where do parasympathetics of the bladder go to?

A

Detrusor muscle and internal urethral sphincter

38
Q

What do visceral sensory afferents of the bladder sense?

A

Sensation of bladder fullness

39
Q

What do visceral non-sensory afferents of the bladder sense?

A

Distention of the bladder

40
Q

What are the sources of the inferior hypogastric plexus?

A

Superior hypogastric plexus; ventral rami of S2,3,4; sympathetic trunk

41
Q

Pelvic splanchnics

A

Nerves that take out visceral afferents (nonsensory and bottom half of sensory) from the bladder and bring in parasympathetics

42
Q

Hypogastric nerves

A

Nerves that take out visceral sensory afferents from the top half of the bladder

43
Q

What do visceral sympathetic nerves do to the bladder?

A

Inhibit the detrusor muscle and activate the internal urethral sphincter

44
Q

What do visceral parasympathetic nerves do to the blader?

A

Activate the detrusor muscle and inhibit the internal urethral sphincter

45
Q

What are the sphincters of the male urethra?

A

Internal and external urethral sphincters

46
Q

What innervates the external urethral sphincter(s)?

A

S2-4 via the pudendal nerve

47
Q

What are the sphincters of the female urethra?

A

External urethral sphincter, urethrovaginalis, compressor urethrae (all external)
Some clinicians believe there is no internal sphincter

48
Q

What happens neurologically when the bladder fills at low volumes?

A

Visceral non-sensory afferents are stimulated; they excite Onuf’s nucleus to maintain tone of external sphincter and excite T12-L1 to inhibit detrusor muscle

49
Q

What happens neurologically when the bladder fills at high volumes?

A

Visceral sensory afferents signal to L1-2; PMC inhibits sympathetics to the bladder, excites parasympathetic, and inhibits Onuf’s nucleus

50
Q

Pontine micturition center

A

PMC; a nervous site that controls bladder full response

51
Q

Neurogenic bladders

A

A condition that results when there is bladder dysfunction at the neurological level

52
Q

Reflexive neruogenic bladders

A

Bladder reflexes are intact; can be inhibited or uninhibited

53
Q

Inhibited reflexive neurogenic bladder

A

Connection between pons and sacrum is broken; prevents sphincters from relaxing

54
Q

Uninhibited reflexive neurogenic bladder

A

PMC cannot be controlled by the frontal lobe; urinary incontinence like a small infant

55
Q

Nonreflexive neurogenic bladder

A

Bladder reflex is broken in the spine; bladder overflows

56
Q

Rectal ampulla

A

The section of the rectum where the feces are stored

57
Q

Anal canal

A

A canal that starts at the pelvic diaphragm and runs to the anus

58
Q

Transverse rectal folds

A

Three folds found in the rectum

59
Q

Anal columns

A

Column-like folds found in the anal canal

60
Q

Anal sinuses

A

Valve-like sinuses found at the bottom of the anal columns

61
Q

Pectinate line

A

The line that is formed by anal sinuses where aprocrine glands are found

62
Q

Anal crypts

A

Blind sacs at the bottom of anal sinuses and are covered by anal valves

63
Q

What innervates the internal anal sphincter?

A

Sympathetics of the hypogastric plexus and parasympathetics of S2-S4

64
Q

What innervates the external anal sphincter?

A

Pudendal nerve of S2-S4

65
Q

Puborectalis muscle

A

A muscle of the pelvic diaphragm that is innervated by S4 and is relaxed during defacation

66
Q

Recto-anal transition zone

A

Where the rectum becomes the anal canal; it is NOT the same as the pectinate line

Human Body (Anatomy) (38 decks)

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