Abdomen 02: Body Wall and Hernias

Question 1

From superficial to deep, what are the layers of the abdomen wall?

Answer 1

Skin -> Superficial fascia (Cooper’s fascia -> Scarpa’s fascia) -> external oblique muscle -> internal oblique muscle -> transversus abdominis -> transversalis fascia -> extraperitoneal fascia

Question 2

Cooper’s fascia

Answer 2

The fatty layer of the superficial fascia

Question 3

Scarpa’s fascia

Answer 3

The membranous later of the superficial fascia

Question 4

From superficial to deep, what are the layers of the spermatic cord?

Answer 4

Skin -> dartos fascia -> external spermatic fascia -> cremaster muscle and fascia -> internal spermatic fascia -> loose fascia surrounding vessels, nerves,ducts, and deferens

Question 5

From superficial to deep, what are the layers of the scrotum?

Answer 5

Skin -> dastos fascia and muscles -> external spermatic fascia -> cremaster muscle and fascia -> internal spermatic fascia -> loose fascia surrounding tunica vaginalis testis -> tunica vaginalis testis

Question 6

Dartos fascia

Answer 6

The fusion of Camper’s and Scarpa’s fascia by the spermatic cord and scrotum

Question 7

External oblique muscles

Answer 7

The outer layer of muscles in the abdomen wall; “hands in pockets”

Question 8

External Oblique aponeurosis

Answer 8

The “flat tendon” fascia associated with the external oblique muscles

Question 9

Inguinal ligament

Answer 9

The ligament at the edge of the external oblique aponeurosis (which is a continuation of the ligament)

Question 10

Internal oblique muscles

Answer 10

The muscles just deep of the external ones

Question 11

Internal oblique aponeurosis

Answer 11

The “flat tendon” fascia associated with the internal oblique muscles

Question 12

Transversus abdominis

Answer 12

The layer of muscles beneath the internal oblique

Question 13

Linea alba

Answer 13

The line of fascia that goes down the midline of the abdomen

Question 14

Rectus abdominis

Answer 14

The “bellies” of muscles beneath the linea alba; there are four on each side

Question 15

Rectus sheath

Answer 15

The three layers of muscles and their aponeuroses

Question 16

Pyramidalis muscle

Answer 16

A physiologically insignificant muscle located within the rectus sheath

Question 17

What is the dermatome of the unbellicus?

Answer 17

T10

Question 18

What is the dermatome of the pubic region?

Answer 18

L1

Question 19

What core muscles are trunk flexors?

Answer 19

Rectus abdominus, obliques, psoas

Question 20

What core muscles and trunk extensors?

Answer 20

Erector spinae (using thoracolumbar fascia and erector sheath)

Question 21

What core muscles are lateral flexors?

Answer 21

Ipsilateral obliques, quadratus lomborum, psoas

Question 22

What core muscles are involved in the rotation of the trunk?

Answer 22

External and internal oblique, psoas major, some of the epaxials

Question 23

What is important about the peritoneal cavity being contracted?

Answer 23

Increases pressure, allowing for coughing when needed and to maintain posture; allows for micturition and defecation; eases childbirth; aids in respiration

Question 24

Why do the testes migrate out of the body?

Answer 24

Sperm needs to be in cooler environment

Question 25

Cryptochidism

Answer 25

Undescended testis disorder

Question 26

Cremaster

Answer 26

Skeletal muscle in scrotum

Question 27

Transabdominal phase of testicular descent

Answer 27

Weeks 10-15, testes migrate down the abdomen

Question 28

Inguinoscrotal phase of testicular descent

Answer 28

Testes descending into scrotum, weeks 25-35

Question 29

Indirect inguinal hernia

Answer 29

Gut tube gets in through deep inguinal ring

Question 30

Direct inguinal hernia

Answer 30

Gut tube goes through posterior wall of inguinal canal

Question 31

Hesselbach’s triangle

Answer 31

A weak point in the transversalis fascia

Question 32

ASIS

Answer 32

Anterior superior iliac spine, the origin of the inguinal ligament and the top curved part of the pelvic bones

Question 33

Tendinous intersections

Answer 33

Tendones that mark the boundaries of the bellies of the rectus abdominus muscles

Question 34

What is the dermatome of the xiphoid process?

Answer 34

T6

Question 35

Where are abdominal wall nerves located?

Answer 35

Between the internal oblique and transversus abdominus layers

Question 36

Superficial inguinal ring

Answer 36

The hole in the external oblique where the spermatic cord comes out

Question 37

Conjoint tendon

Answer 37

A tendon just deep of the superficial inguinal ring that connects internal obliques and transversus abdominus

Question 38

Deep inguinal ring

Answer 38

The hole in the transversalis fascia that is caused by the descent of the testes

Question 39

What muscles do not contribute to the spermatic cord?

Answer 39

Transversus abdominus

Question 40

How does the rectus sheath differ above and below the arcuate line?

Answer 40

Below the arcuate line, there is no posterior layer of the rectus sheath

Question 41

What are the four main components of the spermatic cord?

Answer 41

Nerves, arteries, panpiniform vein plexus, vas deferens

Question 42

What does the external oblique become in the spermatic cord?

Answer 42

External spermatic fascia

Question 43

What does the internal oblique become in the spermatic cord?

Answer 43

Cremaster muscle and fascia