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Human Body (Anatomy) > Abdomen 01: Embryology and Plan of Abdomen > Flashcards

Abdomen 01: Embryology and Plan of Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

What are the upper and lower bounds of the abdomen?

A

Inferior thoracic aperture at the top, pelvis at the bottom. There is no clear boundary between the pelvis and the abdomen

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2
Q

What is the true boundary between the abdomen and the pelvis?

A

The pelvic cavity

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3
Q

Diaphragm

A

The muscle that aids in respiration; divides the thorax and the abdomen

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4
Q

Crus of the diaphragm

A

Two tendon-like structures that extend below from the diaphragm and into the vertebral column. There is the right and left cura

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5
Q

Which of the two cura of the diaphragm is lower?

A

Right cura

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6
Q

Median arcuate ligaments

A

A ligament in the middle of the diaphragm that connects the two cura

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7
Q

Central tendon

A

Thin but strong aponeurosis in the diaphragm

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8
Q

What structures traverse the diaphragm at T8?

A

Inferior vena cava and the right phrenic nerve

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9
Q

What structures traverse the diaphragm at T10?

A

Esophagus, vagus nerves, some of the lymphatics

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10
Q

What structures traverse the diaphragm at T12?

A

Aortic arch, azygous vein, thoracic duct

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11
Q

What structures traverse the diaphragm behind the medial arcuate ligament?

A

Psoas major, sympathetic trunk, least splanchnics

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12
Q

What structures traverse the diaphragm behind the lateral arcuate ligament?

A

Quadratus lumborum

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13
Q

How does the left phrenic nerve traverse the diaphragm

A

It pierces through it

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14
Q

How do the greater and lesser splanchnic nerves traverse the diaphragm?

A

They pierce through the two cura

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15
Q

How does the hemiazygous vein traverse the diaphragm?

A

It pierces through the left cura

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16
Q

How do the intercostal nerves traverse the diaphragm?

A

They don’t; they are localized to the thorax

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17
Q

Pelvic inlet

A

The abdomen’s boundary with the pelvis

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18
Q

Transpyloric plane

A

End of 9th costal cartialge; L1/L2

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19
Q

Subcostal plane

A

Lower edge of the 10th costal cartilage; L3

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20
Q

Supracristal plane

A

L4

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21
Q

Interubercular plane

A

Tubercle of the crest of ilium; L5

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22
Q

What are the four quadrants of the abdomen?

A

Upper left, upper right, lower left, lower right

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23
Q

What structures are in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen?

A

Spleen, stomach, parts of the transverse colon

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24
Q

What structures are in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen?

A

Liver, gallbladder, parts of the ascending and transverse colon

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25
Q

What structures are in the lower left quadrant?

A

Descending colon, sigmoid colon, anterior superior illiac spine, inguinal ligament

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26
Q

What structures are in the lower right quadrant?

A

Ascending colon, anterior superior illiac spine, inguinal ligament

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27
Q

What are the 9 regions of the abdomen? Order from top right to bottom left

A

1) Right hypochondrium, epigastric, left hypochondrium
2) right flank, umbillical, left flank
3) right groin, pubic, left groin

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28
Q

With regards to the 9 regions of the abdomen, where is the esophagus found?

A

Epigastric

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29
Q

With regards to the 9 regions of the abdomen, where is the stomach found?

A

epigastric and left hypochondrium

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30
Q

With regards to the 9 regions of the abdomen, where is the duodenum found?

A

epigastric, on the border of the umbillical

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31
Q

With regards to the 9 regions of the abdomen, where is the liver found?

A

right hypochondrium and epigastric

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32
Q

With regards to the 9 regions of the abdomen, where is the gallbladder found?

A

epigastric on the transpyloric plane and the right hypchondrium

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33
Q

With regards to the 9 regions of the abdomen, where is the pancreas found?

A

Epigastric and left hypochondrium

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34
Q

With regards to the 9 regions of the abdomen, where is the spleen found?

A

Left hypochondrium

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35
Q

With regards to the 9 regions of the abdomen, where is the jejunum of the small intestine found?

A

predominantly umbillical; parts are found in epigastric and left flank

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36
Q

With regards to the 9 regions of the abdomen, where is the ileum of the small intestine found?

A

predominantly pubic; parts also found in right and left groin

37
Q

With regards to the 9 regions of the abdomen, where is the cecum found?

A

Right groin

38
Q

With regards to the 9 regions of the abdomen, where is the appendix found?

A

pubic and right groin

39
Q

With regards to the 9 regions of the abdomen, where is the ascending colon found?

A

Right flank and right hypchondrium

40
Q

With regards to the 9 regions of the abdomen, where is the transverse colon found?

A

Left and right hypochondriums; epigastric and umbillical

41
Q

With regards to the 9 regions of the abdomen, where is the descending colon found?

A

Left hypochondrium, left flank, left groin

42
Q

With regards to the 9 regions of the abdomen, where is the sigmoid colon found?

A

Left groin and pubic

43
Q

What are the organs that do not protrude into the gut?

A

Kidneys, suprarenal glands, spleen

44
Q

What muscles make up the gut tube/

A

Skeletal muscles at ends for voluntary control of intake and outflow. Everything else is smooth muscle

45
Q

What are the two muscle layers that allow for peristalsis in the gut tube?

A

Longitudinal and circumferential layers

46
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

An intrinsic (1), semi-autonomous (1) nervous system in the GI tract (1) that is art of the visceral nervous system (1)

47
Q

Peristalsis

A

The basic motor reflex underlying gut motility

48
Q

How does peristalsis work?

A

The receiving segment contracts its longitudinal muscles and the previous segment contracts its circumferential muscles

49
Q

What are the five sphincters of the abdomen?

A

Lower esophageal, pyloric, sphincter of Oddi, ileocolic, internal anal

50
Q

Lower esophageal sphincter

A

The sphincter between the esophagus and stomach

51
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

The sphincter between the stomach and duodenum

52
Q

sphincter of oddi

A

The sphincter between the pancreas and the duodenum; it allows bile to be stored in the gallbladder

53
Q

Ileocolic sphincter

A

The sphincter between the duodenum and the colon

54
Q

Internal anal sphincter

A

The sphincter that allows for outflow of colon contents

55
Q

Achalasia

A

A failure of a sphincter to close

56
Q

Peritoneum

A

A closed bag that is derived from celom

57
Q

Mesentery

A

A double layer of peritoneum

58
Q

Ventral mesentery

A

A mesentery found only in the foregut

59
Q

Dorsal mesogastrium

A

The dorsal mesentary of the stomach

60
Q

Mesocolon

A

The mesentary of the colon

61
Q

Hepatorenal ligament

A

A ligament spanning between the liver and the right kidney

62
Q

Intraperitoneal

A

Used to describe an organ totally surrounded by mesentery

63
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

Used to describe an organ that has some part not covered by a mesentery

64
Q

Primary retroperitoneal

A

Used to describe an organ that has always been retroperitoneal from development

65
Q

Secondary retroperitoneal

A

Used to describe an organ that used to be intraperitoneal but was pushed out of the mesentery during/after development

66
Q

What nerve innervates the visceral peritoneum?

A

Visceral neurons

67
Q

What nerve innervates the parietal peritoneum?

A

Somatic neurons

68
Q

In females, how much fluid is found in the peritoneal cavity?

A

Up to 25 ml

69
Q

Ascites

A

Fluid accumulation in the peritoneum

70
Q

Omental bursa

A

Another word for the lesser peritoneal sac

71
Q

Lesser peritoneal sac

A

A cut off section of the peritoneal sac that is formed by the rotation of gut tube contents; it is tucked behind the stomach and liver

72
Q

Greater peritoneal sac

A

Everything of the peritoneum that is not part of the elsser peritoneal sac

73
Q

Where does the liver primordium develop in week 4 of development?

A

In the septum transversum

74
Q

How is the lesser sac developed?

A

As the liver grows, it moves to the right, displacing the stomach to the left. A section of the peritoneal sac is sealed off, which becomes the lesser sac

75
Q

Greater curvature of the stomach

A

The outside curvature that is larger

76
Q

Lesser curvature of the stomach

A

The inside curvature that is smaller

77
Q

Omental foramen

A

Entrace to the lesser sac

78
Q

How does the liver grow with regards to pancreas formation?

A

The liver leaves behind the bile dict with the gallbladder and the ventral pancreatic bud. The gut tube rotates, bringing the ventral pancreatic bud next to the dorsal pancreatic bud, allowing them to fuse

79
Q

Physical herneation

A

The normal herniation of the cecal bud into the body stalk, because the gut tube grows faster than the fetus. It eventually fits back inside the fetus

80
Q

What structures of the midgut are derived from the cephalic lumb of the primary intestinal tube?

A

Distal duodenum, jejunum, part of ileum

81
Q

What structures of the midgut are derived from the caudal lumb of the primary intestinal tube?

A

Distal ileum, cecum, appendix, assending colon, 2/3rds of the transverse colon

82
Q

What artery supplies the foregut at week 4?

A

Celiac trunk

83
Q

What artery supplies the midgut at week 4?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

84
Q

What artery supplies the hindgut at week 4?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

85
Q

What structures traverse the diaphragm behind the median arcuate ligament?

A

Aorta and thoracic duct

86
Q

What nerve innervates the foregut?

A

Greater splanchnic nerve

87
Q

What nerve innervates the midgut?

A

Lesser splanchnic nerve

88
Q

What nerve innervates the hindgut?

A

Lumbar splanchnic nerve

Human Body (Anatomy) (38 decks)

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