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Human Body (Anatomy) > Abdomen 07: Spleen and Immune System > Flashcards

Abdomen 07: Spleen and Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Lacteals

A

Small intestine lymphatics

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2
Q

Chylomicrons

A

Protein-coated lipid droplets found in lacteals

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3
Q

Where does lymph below the diaphragm drain to?

A

Posterior abdominal lymph nodes

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4
Q

Where does lymph from the gut drain to?

A

Preaortic lymph nodes

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5
Q

From what structures does lymph drain into the lateral aortic lymph nodes?

A

Lateral abdominal body wall, kidneys, suprarenals, testes, ovaries

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6
Q

Cyesterna chyli

A

The fusion of the preaortic and lateral aortic trunks; the para-aortic trunk also drains into here

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7
Q

Lumbar lymph trunk

A

Another term for the lateral aortic lymph trunk

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8
Q

Para-aortic lymphatics

A

Lymphatics that drain from lateral and retroperitoneal structures

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9
Q

What are the three main levels of defense of the immune system?

A

Barrier, innate immunity, adaptive immunity

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10
Q

What consists the barrier level of the immune system

A

Physical barriers (skin, epithelia), cemical barriers (mucus, acids), and biological barriers (commensal bacteria)

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11
Q

Innate immunity

A

Rapid response intensity to a limited number of common antigen patterns acquired at birth

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12
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Immunity that is learned from prior infections; slow first response but subsequent responses are quicker and stronger

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13
Q

Approximately how many patterns are encoded in innate immunity?

A

100

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14
Q

Approximately how many antigens are encoded in adaptive immunity?

A

10^10

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15
Q

What are the main cellular components of innate immunity?

A

Neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells

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16
Q

What are the main humoral components of innate immunity?

A

Complement factors

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17
Q

What are the main cellular components of adaptive immunity?

A

T and B cells

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18
Q

What are the main humoral components of adaptive immunity?

A

Antibodies

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19
Q

What are the four tactics to fight off invaders?

A

Isolation, disruption, ingestion, inflammation

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20
Q

Opsonization

A

An isolation technique in which an antigen is coated by complement and/or Ig factor to facilitate phagocytosis

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21
Q

How are invaders disrupted?

A

Apoptosis induced by natural killer cells and cytotocix T cells
A membrane attack complex induced by the complement system

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22
Q

What cells are invovled in invader ingestion?

A

Macrophages and neutrophils

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23
Q

What activates the immune system?

A

Antigen recognition

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24
Q

Antigens

A

Sequences of sugars, fats, or amino acids that are foreign to the body

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25
Q

Epitopes

A

The smallest part of an antigen that can be detected

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26
Q

MHC 1

A

Major histocompatability complex 1; binds representative samples of all proteins within the cells and presents them on the surface

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27
Q

How are MHC 1s useful?

A

They act as a billboard of what’s inside the cell. If killer T cells notice something wrong or missing, it’ll kill the cell

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28
Q

MHC 2

A

Major histocompatibility complex 2; binds representative samples of antigens encountered

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29
Q

What cells use MHC 2?

A

Antigen presenting cells and macrophages

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30
Q

Complement system

A

A system of innate immunity; 20 plasma proteins that can recognize ~100 antigens

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31
Q

What secretes the plasma proteins of the complement system?

A

Liver and GI tract epithelium

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32
Q

What activates the complement system?

A

Immunoglobins and antigens

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33
Q

Monocytes

A

Cells that become macrophages

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34
Q

Neutrophils

A

Motile phagocytes and granulocytes

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35
Q

Eosinophils

A

Respond to parasitic worm infections; also modulate inflammatory response in asthma and hay fever

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36
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Cells that attack cells presenting errors on MHC 1

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37
Q

Basophils

A

Cells that contribute to anaphylactic reactions and food allergies

38
Q

Where are macrophages found?

A

In tissue

39
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Cells that watch and run to follicular centers to activate fighters. They are antigen presenting cells

40
Q

Mast cells

A

Cells found in the tissue that wait for attacking parasites

41
Q

How do marophages deal with invaders?

A

After phagocytosing them, they use MHC2 to present the antigens to activate T cells

42
Q

Immunoglobins

A

Produced by B lymphocytes and plasma cells that consist of two heavy chains and two light chains

43
Q

What are the two regions of immunoglobin light chains?

A

Variable regions and constant regions

44
Q

What determines an immunoglobin’s class?

A

Structure of the constant region

45
Q

What determines an immunoglobin’s antigen binding specificty?

A

Structure of the variable region

46
Q

What do B-lymphocytes differentiate into?

A

Some memory-B cells and mostly plasma cells

47
Q

Where are B-lymphocytes activated?

A

Germinal centers of lymph nodes, MALT, and spleen

48
Q

How are T-lymphocytes activated?

A

Antigen-presenting cells throughout the body

49
Q

What are the four antibody classes?

A

IgM, IgA, IgG, IgE

50
Q

IgM

A 
An atibody class
Great complement fixer; good opsonizer; first antibody made
51
Q

IgA

A 
An antibody class
Resistant to stomach acid; protects mucosal surfaces; secreted in milk
52
Q

IgG

A 
An antibody class
An ok completement fixer; good opsonizer; helps natural killer cells; can cross the placenta
53
Q

IgE

A 
An antibody class
Protects against parasityes; causes allergies and anaphylactic shoks
54
Q

What is the primary function of plasma cells

A

Secrete antibodies

55
Q

Helper T cells

A

Differentiated T-lymphocytes that help activate B-lymphocytes

56
Q

Memory T cells

A

Differentiated T-lymphocytes that remain in the blood to recognize an infection later on

57
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Differentiated T-lymphocytes that travel to tissues to attack infected cells

58
Q

Primary lymphoid tissues

A

Bone marrow and thymus

59
Q

Secondary lymphoid tissues

A

Spleen, lymph nodes, MALT; where lymphcytes are activated

60
Q

Bone marrow

A

Primary site of hematopoiesis for all blood cells

61
Q

What are the two lineages of blood cells?

A

Myeloid and Lymphoid

62
Q

Thymus

A

Site of maturation of T-lymphocytes. There are no lymphatics here

63
Q

Which structure exposes lymphocytes to antigens in the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph nodes

64
Q

Which structure exposes lymphocytes to antigens in the blood?

A

Spleen

65
Q

Which structure exposes lymphocytes to antigens in the outside world?

A

MALT

66
Q

MALT

A

Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue; tonsils, Peyer’s patches, appendices

67
Q

Primary lymphoid follicles

A

Islands of follicular dendritic cells in a sea of B cells (mostly inactivE)

68
Q

Secondary lymphoid follicles

A

Germinal centers; formed when activated B cells begin to proliferate through clonal division

69
Q

What cells exist in the lymph node cortex

A

B lymphocytes in germinal centers

70
Q

What cells exist in the lymph node paracortex

A

T lymphocytes

71
Q

What cells exist in the lymph node medulla

A

Plasma cells

72
Q

What cells exist in the lymph node sinuses?

A

Macrophages

73
Q

What artery supplies the spleen?

A

Splenic artery

74
Q

What nerves innervate the spleen?

A

Vagus nerve, sympathetics of T7-T9

75
Q

What is the referred pain region of the spleen?

A

Left hypochondric region

76
Q

What is the primary functions of the spleen?

A

Exposes immune system cells to antigens in the blood; filters blood; site of hematopoiesis in fetuses

77
Q

Splenic white pulps

A

Consist of follicles and PALS; where immune functions are performed

78
Q

Splenic red pulps

A

Highly vascular splenic tissue; filtration of blood

79
Q

How does blood flow through the spleen?

A

Splenic artery -> trabecular artery -> central artery -> penicillary arteries -> sheathed capillaries

80
Q

PALS

A

PeriArteriolar Lymphoid Sheath; cylindrical cuff of lymphoid tissue around central arteries containing mainly helper T cells

81
Q

Marginal zone

A

A zone between the mantle zone and PALS of the spleen

82
Q

Transcytosis

A

The transportation of something through endocytosis on one end of a membrane and exocytosis on the other end

83
Q

What are the functions of the complement system

A

Opsonization, membrane attack complex, chemotaxis, clearance of immune complexes

84
Q

What are the main functions of macrophages?

A

Phagocytosis, antigen presentation, ctyokine release

85
Q

What are the three main antigen presenting cells

A

Dendritic cells, macrophages, B lymphocytes

86
Q

What are the two subtypes of mast cells

A

Mucosal and connective tissue variants

87
Q

What are the steps in dendritic cell activation and presentation of antigens?

A

1) Antigen capture
2) Activation
3) Maturation during migration
4) Presentation to T-lymphocytes

88
Q

What cell types are derived from lymphoid progenitor cells?

A

B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, natural killer cells

89
Q

What are the main functions of antibodies?

A

Neutralization of antigens; opsonization; promoting cytotoxicity; activating the complement system

90
Q

What are the steps of immune response initiation in the spleen?

A

1) Antigen diffuses with blood to dendritic cells
2) Dendritic cells capture antigen
3) Dendritic cells activate helper T cells
4) Helper T cells migrate to marginal zone to activate B-lymphocytes

91
Q

What are the cell types involved in GI tube “sampling”

A

Dendritic cells and M cells (microfold cells)

Human Body (Anatomy) (38 decks)

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