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Human Body (Anatomy) > Thorax 04: Anatomy of Lungs and Pleural Sacs > Flashcards

Thorax 04: Anatomy of Lungs and Pleural Sacs Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanical system of the respiratory system

A

Musculoskeletal elements for changing size of thorax and alveoli

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2
Q

Upper respiratory tract

A

Nasal cavity to larynx

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3
Q

Lower respiratory tract

A

Trachea to alveoli

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4
Q

Conducting zone

A

Runs from the nasal cavity to the terminal bronchioles; cleans, warms, and humidifies air

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5
Q

Respiratory zone

A

Parenchyma of the lungs; site of gas exchange. Involves the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, to alveoli

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6
Q

Pump Handle Model of Thoracic Movement

A

Sternum moves up and out to expand the thoracic cavity; expands the AP diameter

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7
Q

Bucket Handle Model of Thoracic Movement

A

Elevation of the lateral shaft of the rib to expand thoracic cavity; expands the M-L diameter

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8
Q

How does the thoracic cavity expand during quite inspiration?

A

diaphragm contracts (i.e., flattens) to increase the vertical dimensions, pushing abdominal cavities out

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9
Q

How does the thoracic cavity contract during quite exhalation?

A

Diaphragm relaxes and elastic recoil of the lungs forces air out

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10
Q

How does the thoracic cavity expand during vigorous inspiration?

A

external intercostal muscles contract to increase the mediolateral and anteroposterior diameters of the thorax; first rib is stabilized by scalenes

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11
Q

How does the thoracic cavity expand during very vigorous inspiration?

A

Alongside vigorous inspiration, the scalenes and sternocleidomastoid both help elevate the thorax

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12
Q

What nerves innervate the diaphragm?

A

C3, C4, C5 (keep the diaphragm alive)

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13
Q

What nerves innervate the innercostal muscles?

A

T1-T11 on the intercostal nerves

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14
Q

What nerves innervate the scalenes?

A

C3-C8

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15
Q

What nerves innervate the sternocleidomastoid

A

Cranial nerve XI and C3,C4

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16
Q

What are the two sides of the lungs and how many lobes do they have?

A

Right and left. Right has three lobes, left has two

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17
Q

Upper lobe

A

The upper lobe of the lungs found in both sides

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18
Q

Bottom lobe

A

The bottom lobe of the lungs found in both sides

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19
Q

Middle lobe

A

The lobe between the upper and lower lobes found in the anterior side of the right lung only

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20
Q

Oblique fissure

A

Separates the upper and lower lobes

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21
Q

Horizontal fissure

A

Separates the upper and middle lobes of the right lung

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22
Q

Bronchopulmonary segment

A

A segment of the lung supplied by tertiary-segmental bronchus and is supplied by a pulmonary artery. It is the largest independent unit of the lung

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23
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments are in each side of the lung?

A

10

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24
Q

Trachea

A

The windpipe; consists of c-shaped cartilaginous rings, closed off posteriorly by smooth muscle that runs from C6 to T4/5 that bifurcates into bronchi

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25
Q

Primary bronchi

A

The two branches of the bifurcation of the trachea; one goes to each side of the lung

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26
Q

Lobular Bronchi

A

Also known as secondary bronchi; the results of the bifurication of the primary bronchi into one segment for each lobe (there are 5 lobular bronchi in total)

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27
Q

Segmental tertiary bronchi

A

The results of the bifuricaition of each of the lobular bronchi; each lung has 10 tertiary bronchi in total

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28
Q

Bronchus intermedius

A

The common stem for right-side lower and middle lobes

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29
Q

Eparterial bronchus

A

Specifically the upper lobular bronchus of the right lung

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30
Q

Superior lobar bronchus

A

Lingular segments in left lung

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31
Q

Respiratory epithelium

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium of the mechanical respiratory tract (not found in the respiratory zone)

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32
Q

What is the function of blood vessels in the lamina?

A

Warms the air

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33
Q

What is the function of serous secretions from seromucinous glands?

A

Moistens the air

34
Q

Carina

A

The point in the trachea where bifurication into primary bronchi occurs

35
Q

Bronchiole

A

A small airway than a bronchus with smooth muscle and an epithelium with less goblet cells and more cuboidal cells.

36
Q

Asthma

A

Chronic disorder of airway constriction due to immunological response. There are enlarged smooth muscles, bronchoconstriction, inflammation of bronchial wall, and increased mucus secretion

37
Q

Alveoli

A

The small bulbs branching from segmental bronchi that are the site of gas exchange

38
Q

Pneumocytes

A

Specialized cells of the lungs divided into Type 1 and Type 2

39
Q

Type 1 pneumocyte

A

Located in the alveolar endothelium, they are the site of gas exchange. Super thin

40
Q

Type 2 pneumocyte

A

Secretes surfactin

41
Q

Surfactin

A

A fluid secreted by type 2 pneumocytes to increase surface tension of the alveoli

42
Q

Emphysema

A

A disease of the lower respiratory tract involving the destruction of alveolar walls and enlargement of the alveoli. Weakens gas exchange

43
Q

Diffuse neuroendocrine system

A

Secretes peptide hormones to regulate muscle tone in bronchial and vessel walls

44
Q

What are the two hormones secreted by the neuroendocrine system with relation to the lungs?

A

Serotonin and bombesin

45
Q

In a chest xray, where is the heart’s level relative to the right lung?

A

Right by the middle lobe; behind the lower lobe. Sometimes at the level of the upper lobe

46
Q

In a chest xray, where is the heart’s level relative to the left lung?

A

Behind the lower lobe and in front of the upper lobe

47
Q

Where is the right lung middle lobe located in a chest x-ray cross section?

A

Anterior to the heart

48
Q

Where is the left lung lower lobe located in a chest x-ray cross section?

A

Prosterior IF the heart is in the cross section

49
Q

Where is the left lung lower lobe located in a chest x-ray?

A

Above heart in AP and lateral; related to left pulmonary cavity

50
Q

Lung hitum

A

The doorway of the lung; the location of the lung where structures enter and exit

51
Q

Lung root

A

The structures that go into and out of the lung at the hilum

52
Q

What are the three surfaces of the lung?

A

Mediastinal, costal, diaphragmic

53
Q

Mediastinal surface

A

The surface at the center of the lung, where the root is located

54
Q

Costal surface

A

The surface at the edges of the lung, sticking out more than the mediastinal

55
Q

Diaphragmic surface

A

The bottom surface of the lung, which is in contact with the diaphragm

56
Q

What are the three borders of the lungs?

A

Anterior, posterior, inferior

57
Q

Lung apex

A

The top tip of the lung

58
Q

How are the two lungs asymmetric?

A

RALS: Right anterior, Left Superior

In the R lung, the pulmonary artery is Anterior to the bronchus. In the L lung, the artery is Superior to the bronchus.

59
Q

What structure in the left lung pushes down the bronchus?

A

The esophagus

60
Q

What structures are associated with the right lung?

A

Ribs, diaphragm, vertebrae, vena cava, brachiocephalic veins, azygous veins, middle lobe

61
Q

What structures are associated with the left lung?

A

Ribs, diaphragm, vertebrae, esophagus, arch of aorta, descending aorta, left brachiocephalic vein, lingula of upper lobe

62
Q

Pulmonary arteries

A

Intrasegmental; run alongside bronchial tree into each bronchopulmonary segment

63
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

Intersegmental; drain newly oxygenated blood from adjacent bronchopulmonary segments

64
Q

Where does the parenchyma blood supply come from?

A

Pulmonary system

65
Q

Where does the bronchial blood supply come from?

A

Bronchial arteries

66
Q

What are the pulmonary cavities

A

Regions on either side of the mediastinum filled with lungs, pleural sacs, and pleural cavities

67
Q

Are the lungs located in the pleural sacs?

A

No. The pleural sacs are closed bags that surround the lungs. The lungs are located in the pulmonary cavities

68
Q

Endothoracic fascia

A

Loose connective tissue that separates the parietal pleura from the intercostal muscles

69
Q

Pleural cavity

A

A cavity filled with some fluid that is between the parietal and visceral pleura. This fluid reduces friction but increases surface tension to hold the two linings together

70
Q

Where does the pleural sacs derive from?

A

Parietal lining comes from somatopleur, visceral lining comes from splanchnopleur. Both are in the form of mesothelia

71
Q

Pneumothorax

A

When air fills the pleural cavity and air pressure is equalized, resulting in a collapsed lung

72
Q

What are the four sections of the parietal pleura?

A

Mediastinal, Diaphragmic, Costal, and Cervial

73
Q

What nerves innervate the parietal pleura?

A

Phrenic nerve innervates mediastinal and diaphragmic; intercostal nerves innervate costal and cervical

74
Q

Recess

A

A location where two kinds of parietal pleura touch during expiration. They are midclavical, medaxillary, and posterior

75
Q

Pleural effusion

A

Collection of fluid in pleural sac

76
Q

What nerves innervate the lungs?

A

Parasympathetics leave and return to CNS on the Vagus nerve (CN X); Sympathetics leave CNS in T1-5. No afferent sympathetics

77
Q

Trachealis muscle

A

Q band of smooth muscle that connects the ends of the C-shaped tracheal cartilages posteriorly, constricting the trachea to increase expiratory velocity

78
Q

Club cells

A

Cells that protect the epithelium of the bronchioles by secreting some surfactant components, degrading toxins, and replenishing lost cells

79
Q

What is the route along which the lymphatics drain from the lung parenchyma?

A

Segmental–> lobar–> interlobar–> hilar–> mediastinal–> supraclavicular and sternal notch

80
Q

What effects do beta1-adrenergic and beta2-adrenergic receptor stimulation by epinephrine have on the lung?

A

beta1: constricts muscles
beta2: relaxes muscles

81
Q

What are the layers traversed by the needle in a pleural tap performed at the 9th intercostal space at the midaxillary line?

A

Skin -> Subcutaneous fat and fascia -> Intercostal muscles -> Endothoracic fascia -> parietal pleura

Human Body (Anatomy) (38 decks)

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