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Human Body (Anatomy) > Thorax 08: Heart Innervation and Function > Flashcards

Thorax 08: Heart Innervation and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Where do cardiac visceral sympathetic efferents go to?

A

Smooth muscle in coronary arteries, cardiac myocytes, and pacemaker cells

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2
Q

Where do cardiac visceral parasympathetic efferents go to?

A

Cardiac atrial myocytes and pacemaker cells. Does not go to coronary arteries and very sparsely goes to ventricular myocytes

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3
Q

What branches of the vagus go to the heart?

A

Cervical and thoracic parasympathetic cardiac nerves

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4
Q

What branches of the sympathetic trunk go to the heart?

A

Cervical and thoracic sympathetic cardiac nerves

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5
Q

Cardiac plexus

A

A neural plexus located below and deep to the aortic arc, anterior to the bifurcation of the trachea

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6
Q

Nerves that stem from the cardiac plexus go where in the heart?

A

Coronary arteries, myocytes, and pacemakers

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7
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

A node at the junction of the vena cava and right atrium walls that originates all cardiac muscle electric potential

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8
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

A node inside the atrioventricular septum that conducts SA potential into the ventricles

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9
Q

How do electric potentials reach the AV node from the SA node?

A

They travel through the atria walls by conducting through atrial myocytes

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10
Q

“lupp” sound

A

At the beginning of systole; the sound of the closing of the mitral and bicupsid valves

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11
Q

“dubb” sound

A

At the end of systole; the sound of the closing of the two semilunar valves

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12
Q

P wave

A

Atrial depolarization

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13
Q

QRS complex

A

Ventricular depolarization

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14
Q

T wave

A

Ventricular repolatization

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15
Q

The ECG waves is the sum of what action potentials?

A

SA node, AV node, atrial myocytes, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers, and vnetricular myocytes

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16
Q

Preganglionic cardiac sympathetic cell bodies leave the CNS where?

A

T1-T4

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17
Q

Do cardiac sympathetic cell bodies synapse at the cardiac plexus?

A

No

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18
Q

Do cardiac sympathetic cell bodies use the dorsal or ventral ramus? Do they use white or gray ramus communicons?

A

Ventral ramus; white ramus communicons

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19
Q

What are the actions of sympathetics on the heart?

A

On pacemaker cells: increase calcium conductance and increase heart rate
On cardiac myocytes: increase calcium conductance and increase rate and force of contractions
On coronary arteries: dilate arteries and relax smooth muscles

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20
Q

Which nerve do cardiac parasympathetics primarily use?

A

Cranial nerve 10

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21
Q

Do cardiac parasympathetic cell bodies synapse at the cardiac plexus?

A

No

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22
Q

What is the role of the parasympathetics on the SA node?

A

Control it to prevent it from beating at its intrinsic rhythm of 100-110 bpm (instead 50-80 bpm)

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23
Q

What do parasympathetics do to the pacemaker cells?

A

increase outward flow of K+ to hyperpolarize membrane and decrease rate

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24
Q

What do parasympathetics do to cardiac myocytes

A

Decrease production of cAMP mostly on atrial myocytes

25
Q

Which nerve is used for nonsensory afferents from the heart?

A

Cranial nerve 10

26
Q

Which nerves are used for sensory afferents from the heart?

A

T1-T4. They use the same pathway as sympathetic efferents (Except use dorsal roots)

27
Q

Atrial systole

A

Part of the systole where the atrium contracts; atrial pressure increases slightly

28
Q

Isoventricular contraction

A

Part of the systole where the ventricle contracts without changing volume; ventricular pressure increases significantly

29
Q

Rapid ejection

A

Part of the systole where the ventricle squeezes out its blood rapidly; atria begin to fill up again

30
Q

Reduced ejection

A

Part of the systole where ventricle lets out blood more slowly’ semilunar valves start closing; atria volume increases

31
Q

Isovolumetric relaxation

A

Part of the diastole where the ventricle relaxes without filling up with more blood. Aortic pressure dips up and atria are at max volume

32
Q

Rapid ventricular filling

A

Part of the diastole where blood flows through the atriaventrical valves and into the ventricles; atrial pressure decreases and ventricular pressure remains low

33
Q

Diastesis

A

Part of the diastole where blood flows into ventricles more slowly. All pressures stabilize

34
Q

What is the blood supply of cardiac myocytes?

A

Coronary arteries

35
Q

Coronary arteries

A

The blood supply of cardiac myocytes; they are epicardial and rise from the aortic arch just distal of the aortic semilunar valve; they fill during diastole

36
Q

Right coronary artery

A

A branch off of the right aortic sinus containing the atrial branch

37
Q

Left coronary artery

A

A branch off of the left aortic sinus containing LAD and circumflex

38
Q

Anterior Interventricular artery

A

LAD; comes off of the left coronary artery; most common and dangerous site of heart attacks

39
Q

Right dominant

A

If the posterior interventricular artery is a branch of the right coronary artery

40
Q

Left dominant

A

If the posterior interventricular artery is a branch of the circumflex artery

41
Q

What regions of the heart are supplied by the right coronary artery?

A

Right atrium, right ventricle free wall, posterobasal wall of left ventricle. If right-dominant, posterior third of intraventricular septum

42
Q

What regions of the heart are supplied by the left coronary artery?

A

Circumflex artery: left atrium, side and back of left ventricle. If left-dominant, posterion third of intraventricular septum
LAD: apex of heart, anterior wall of left ventricle, anterior two-thirds of intraventricular septum, bundle branches of conducting system

43
Q

In order, what are the five common coronary artery occlusion sites?

A

1) Junction LAD and circumflex
2) LAD
3) Right coronary artery
4) Circumflex branch of left artery
5) Posterior intraventricular artery

1 and 2 are mostly fatal

44
Q

What area of the heart is affected by occlusion of the left anterior descending branch?

A

Anterior side

45
Q

What area of the heart is affected by occlusion of the left circumflex branch?

A

Left pulmonary side

46
Q

What area of the heart is affected by occlusion of the right coronary artery?

A

Posterior side

47
Q

Where does the left coronary artery originate from?

A

Left aortic valve sinus

48
Q

Where does the right coronary artery originate from?

A

Right aortic valve sinus

49
Q

Venae cordis minimae

A

Small veins tha draw blood from cardiac myocytes and dump it directly into the heart chambers

50
Q

What kind of metabolism do cardiac myocytesuse to produce ATP energy?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

51
Q

What are the three branches of the right coronary artery?

A

Atrial branch, right marginal branch, posterior descending artery in right-dominant hearts

52
Q

What are the three branches of the left coronary artery?

A

Left anterior descending artery, left circumflex branch, left marginal branch. In left dominant hearts, the posterioe descending artery also branches off of the left coronary artery

53
Q

What are the three major cardiac veins?

A

Great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, smaller cardiac vein

54
Q

Great cardiac vein

A

A vein that drains the area perfused by the LAD

55
Q

Middle cardiac vein

A

A vein that drains the area perfused by the posterior descending artery

56
Q

Smaller cardiac vein

A

A vein that drains the area perfused by the marginal branch of the right coronary artery

57
Q

What are the components (in order) of the heart conducting system?

A

SA node, atrial myocytes, AV node, Bundle of His, bundle branches, Perkinje fibers, ventricular myocytes

58
Q

What is the main nerve responsible for controlling the heart?

A

Vagus nerve

Human Body (Anatomy) (38 decks)

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