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Physiology > Structural Properties of the Lung > Flashcards

Structural Properties of the Lung Flashcards

1
Q

What parts of the brain sense pH, [CO2] and [O2]?

A

Respiratory centers in the medulla

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2
Q

What is the major function of the upper airways?

A

Condition inspired air

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3
Q

What are the three things that the brain monitors?

A

pH
O2
CO2

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4
Q

Which two organs control the pH of the blood?

A

Lungs

Kidneys

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5
Q

Particles larger than what size and cleared from the upper airway?

A

10 micometers

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6
Q

Upper airway resistance (like the nose) is what percent? What affects this?

A

50%

Infections

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7
Q

What are the two components of the airway?

A

Conducting

Respiratory

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8
Q

What is the total surface area of the alveolar airway?

A

50 m^2

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9
Q

In which generations of airway branching are there no alveoli (known as the conducting zone)? Is there gas exchange?

A

1-16

No gas exchange

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10
Q

How many generations of airway branching are there?

A

23

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11
Q

Is there cartilage in the bronchi? Bronchioles? Alveoli?

A

yes for bronchi. No for lower down

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12
Q

Where does the mucus layer end in the airways?

A

Bronchioles

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13
Q

Where does the smooth muscle end in the airways?

A

alveoli

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14
Q

What is the main source of air resistance in the lower respiratory tract?

A

Bronchioles

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15
Q

What is the treatment for asthma?

A

Beta receptor agonists on smooth muscle of the bronchial endothelium

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16
Q

What is the main purpose of the alveolar compartment?

A

Gas exchange

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17
Q

What are the cells that are responsible for mucus production?

A

Goblet cells

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18
Q

What type of epithelium is present in the airway?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the mucus blanket?

A

humidify air

Make airflow smoother

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20
Q

What is the function of the submucosal glands? Where are they present?

A

Produce mucous and serous secretions

Present where there is cartilage

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21
Q

What is the innervation of the submucosal and trachobronchial glands?

A

SANS
PANS–mostly
Local mediators

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22
Q

What are the cells types that clear the mucus in the upper respiratory tract? What do they produce?

A

Ciliated epithelial cells

Produce periciliary fluid (Cl secretion, Na absorption)

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the rhythmic ciliary beating?

A

Remove mucus

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24
Q

What is the MOA of CF?

A

Abnormal Cl secretion, leading to increased mucus thickness

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25
Q

What are the two key cells in the alveolar lumen? Which are the main structural component? Which produce surfactant?

A

Type 1 - form walls

Type 2 - surfactant production

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26
Q

What immune cells are present in the alveoli?

A

Macrophages

Mast cells

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27
Q

What comprises a respiratory unit?

A

Bronchiole
Alveolar ducts
Atria
Alveoli

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28
Q

What are the pores of Kohn? What is their purpose?

A

Connecting holes between alveoli that function as a means of collateral ventilation

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29
Q

What is the downside of pores of Kohn?

A

Allow for bacterial infections to spread easily

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30
Q

Each alveolus has how many capillaries?

A

500 (makes a sheet of blood flow)

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31
Q

What is the respiratory membrane?

A

The place where the gas exchange occurs- between endothelial cells of the capillaries

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32
Q

What is the composition of the respiratory membrane?

A 
Surfactant
Alveolar epithelium
Epithelium BM
Interstitial space
Capillary BM
Capillary endothelial membrane
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33
Q

What happens to the respiratory membrane in pnuemonia infections?

A

Increases the resistance to respiratory gas exchange

34
Q

What is the cause of COPD?

A

respiratory membrane damage

35
Q

Increases in hydrostatic pressure of the capillaries causes what? What causes this?

A

Increased flow out

Heart failure

36
Q

What causes the SOB of heart failure?

A

Increased fluid present over the respiratory membrane

37
Q

Where do antibodies in autoimmune diseases affect lung function?

A

In the capillaries at the respiratory membrane

38
Q

What is the composition of the lung interstitium?

A 
CT
Smooth muscle
Lymph
Capillaries
Cells
39
Q

What are the cells in the lung interstitium that produce collagen and elastin?

A

Fibroblasts

40
Q

What is the function of the elastin in the lung interstitium?

A

Elastin is the major contributor to elastic recoil of the lung

41
Q

What is the function of the collagen in the lung interstitium

A

Collagen is the major structural component of the lung that limits lung
distensibility

42
Q

What is the function of the parietal and visceral pleura?

A

Help provide expansion of the lungs

43
Q

What is the function of the pleural fluid?

A

Sticks together

44
Q

What is the source of the pleural fluid? Where does it go?

A

Comes from capillaries or the parietal pleura

Goes through parietal space and drains into lymphatic system

45
Q

What are the areas that drain the pleural fluid?

46
Q

Which layer has stomata, the parietal or visceral pleura?

47
Q

In which layer are the microvessels closer to the pleural surface: the parietal or visceral pleura? What is the consequence of this?

A

Parietal

This means that the source of pleural fluid is from these capillaries

48
Q

What can cause pleural effusion? How? (hint, capillaries pressures!) (2)

A

CHF

Causes increased pulmonary venous hydrostatic pressure from the VISCERAL side d/t increased left ventricular pressure.

Also decreased oncotic pressure in the blood

49
Q

What causes atelectasis? (2)

A

Decreased pleural pressure (in the pleural space), leading to increased fluid uptake into the space

Blockage of lymph

50
Q

What is the lungs role in the acid base balance?

A

Remove CO2

51
Q

What is the lungs’ role in defense mechanism?

A

Remove the bacteria/viruses/

52
Q

What is the lung’s role in metabolism?

A

Must match O2 demand

53
Q

Does nasal resistance change with air flow? If so, how?

A

Yes, directly

54
Q

What do the respiratory epithelial cells of the nasopharynx secrete to aid in defense?

A

Immunoglobulins
Interferons
Inflammatory mediators

55
Q

What are the two major functions of the sinuses?

A
  1. Lighten the skull

2. Resonance for voice

56
Q

How are the terminal bronchioles distinguished?

A

Smallest airways without alveoli

57
Q

What are the three structures that comprise the last 7 generations of branching in the airway?

A
  1. respiratory bronchioles
  2. alveolar ducts
  3. alveolar sacs
58
Q

What happens to the cartilage surrounding the bronchi as they enter the lungs?

A

Turn from C-shaped rings to plates

59
Q

Do the bronchioles and alveolar ducts contain cartilage? What is the significance of this?

A

No, thus they are subject to collapse when compressed

60
Q

As the cartilage plates become irregularly distributed around distal airways, what surrounds these airways? What is this intermingled with?

A

Muscle layer intermingled with elastic fibers

61
Q

What are the three principle layers of tissue in the conducting airways?

A
  1. Inner mucosal surface
  2. Smooth muscle layer
  3. CT layer
62
Q

What is the epithelial type in the bronchial wall?

A

Pseudostratified

63
Q

What is the epithelial type in smaller bronchioles? Is cartilage present?

A

Simple, without cartilage

64
Q

Where are submucosal tracheobronchial glands present?

A

Wherever there is cartilage in the tracheobronchial tree

65
Q

What happens to the number of submucosal tracheobronchial glands present in chronic bronchitis?

A

Increase is size and number

66
Q

What is the function of Clara cells? Where are these found?

A

Found at the level of the bronchioles

Unknown function

67
Q

Where does airway resistance come from in the lower respiratory airway? How?

A

Bronchioles and bronchi through muscle contraction and secretions

68
Q

True or false: the junctions between endothelial cells of the lungs are leaky

A

True- to allow for gas exchange

69
Q

What are Kultschitzky cells?

A

neuroendocrine cells found in clumps throughout the tracheobronchial tree
and secrete biogenic amines, including dopamine, 5HT

70
Q

What is the blood supply to the visceral pleura?

A

Bronchial circulation

71
Q

What is the blood supply to the parietal pleura?

A

Intercostal arteries

72
Q

What states can cause increased microvascular hydrostatic pressure? What is the result of this?

A

CHF

Increased pulmonary venous pressure moves fluid across the visceral mesothelium

73
Q

What is the effect of a decreased microvascular oncotic pressure of the on the lungs?

A

A decrease in oncotic pressure in the

microvascular circulation will increase the tendency to form pleural interstitial liquid.

74
Q

What is the effect of a decreased pressure in the pleural space of the on the lungs?

A

When there is a decrease in pressure in the pleural
space as in atelectasis, the pressure gradient from the pleural interstitium to the pleural
space increases and favors the formation of pleural liquid.

75
Q

What can cause increased microvascular permeability in the lungs? Result?

A

inflammation of both pulmonary and
pleural microvessels

Liquid and protein leak across the lung and
pleural microvessels at an increased rate.

76
Q

How can fluid from the peritoneum to the pleural space happen?

A

Through either diaphragmatic defects or diaphragmatic

lymphatics

77
Q

What are the two ways in which the clearance rate of the pleural fluid decreases?

A
  1. Increase in venous pressure

2. Blockage of stomata

78
Q

What are the two components of the conducting airways?

A
  1. Bronchi

2. Upper part of the bronchioles

79
Q

What are the three components of the alveolar air spaces?

A
  1. Lower part of the bronchioles
  2. Alveolar ducts
  3. Alveolar sacs
80
Q

The conducting airways are from what numbered airways?

81
Q

What are the cholinergic receptors on the lungs?

Physiology (75 decks)

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