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Physiology > Female reproductive > Flashcards

Female reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

What is the principle organ for estrogen and progesterone production in the female?

A

Ovaries

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2
Q

How many tissue layers are in the uterus? Name them.

A
  1. Serous 2. Muscular 3. Mucous
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3
Q

What layer of the uterus is shed?

A

The mucous (endometirum) layer

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4
Q

What is the specialization found on the fallopian tubes that aid in oocyte/sperm movement?

A

Cilia

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5
Q

What are the two hypothalamic peptide hormones that play a role in female reproduction?

A

GnRH Oxytocin

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6
Q

What are the three pituitary hormones that play a role in female reproduction?

A

FSH LH Prolactin

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7
Q

What is the ovarian peptide hormones that inhibits the female reproductive cycle?

A

Inhibi

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8
Q

What are the four ovarian steroid hormones?

A

Estradiol Progesterone Androstenedione Testosterone

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9
Q

What ion causes the release of peptide hormone to be release from vesicle?

A

Ca

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10
Q

Are peptide hormones lipophilic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophilic

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11
Q

Do peptide hormones circulate freely, or bound to stuff?

A

Freely

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12
Q

Where in/on the cell do peptide hormones exert their effects?

A

On the cell membrane, binding to cell surface receptors

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13
Q

What are the two types of cell membrane receptors for peptide hormones?

A

Receptor protein tyrosine kinases G-coupled protein receptors

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14
Q

Steroid hormones are derived from what molecule?

A

Cholesterol

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15
Q

Are steroid hormones lipophilic or hydrophilic?

A

Lipophilic

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16
Q

How do steroid hormones circulate: bound or not?

A

Bound

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17
Q

What are the enzymes that synthesize estradiol from androstenediones?

A

Aromatases

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18
Q

Draw out the cholesterol pathway for steroid synthesis.

A

***

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19
Q

Where are the receptors found for steroid hormones? What happens when they are bound?

A

Cytosol–binding leads to movement to nucleus to upregulate DNA

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20
Q

Hormone duration in circulation is largely dependent on what?

A

Binding protein in the blood

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21
Q

What are the two principle sites of degradation of steroid hormones?

A

At the site of action Liver

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22
Q

How are steroid hormones degraded in the liver? (board question)

A

Conjugated via glucuronidation and sulfation to increase hydrophilicity (don’t need to know this for this test)

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23
Q

What are the two ways steroid hormones are excreted?

A

in the bile or in the urine

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24
Q

What does estrogen do in the uterus? (3)

A
  1. Increases size 2. Proliferate endometrium 3. Develop of endometrial glands
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25
Q

What is the effect of estrogen on ovaries and the vagina?

A

Increase in size

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26
Q

What is the effect of estrogen on the external sex organs?

A

Deposition of fat

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27
Q

What are the effects of estrogen on the fallopian tubes? (2)

A

Develop glandular tissue Increased epithelial cells

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28
Q

What are the two major effects of estrogen on the skeleton?

A

Inhibits osteoclastic activity, Unites epiphyses of long bones

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29
Q

What effect does estrogen have on Na/water retention?

A

Increases

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30
Q

What is the effect of estrogen on the cervical mucus? Progesterone?

A

Thin and stringy = estrogen Thick = progesterone

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31
Q

What are the three effects of progesterone on the uterus?

A
  1. Promotes the secretory changes of the endometium 2. Decreases frequency of uterine contraction 3. Decreased prostaglandin production
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32
Q

What is the effect of progesterone on fallopian tubes?

A

Secretion of nutrients

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33
Q

What happens to the number of oogonia as a female reaches puberty?

A

goes down significantly

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34
Q

What is the oocyte that is present until reproductive years? Is this a diploid or haploid?

A

Primary oocyte–diploid

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35
Q

In what phase of meiosis is the primary oocyte in?

A

Prophase I

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36
Q

What is the gamete yield per oocyte in males? Females?

A

4 for males 1 for females

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37
Q

What is an ootid?

A

The egg before differentiation

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38
Q

What is chromosomal wastage?

A

Formation of polar bodies by the females gametogenesis

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39
Q

What is the primordial follicle?

A

A layer of **granulosa** cells that surround the primary oocyte

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40
Q

What is the hormones that granulosa cells secrete in the primordial follicle?

A

Maturation inhibiting factor

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41
Q

What is a primary follicle?

A

Oocyte + additional layers of granulosa cells

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42
Q

What stimulate the development of a primary follicle?

A

LH/FSH***

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43
Q

What is the hormone that promotes the secretion of FSH and LH from the pituitary?

A

GnRH

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44
Q

What are the three hormones that are secreted by the gonads that play a role in female reproductive development?

A

Estrogen Progesterone Inhibins

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45
Q

What are the two hormones released from the anterior pituitary in response to GnRH?

A

FSH and LH

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46
Q

What is the feedback mechanism on the HPA in female reproduction? What type is this (ultra short, short, or long)?

A

Estrogen Progesterone Inhibins This is a long feedback regulation

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47
Q

Is the feedback mechanism for females negative or positive?

A

Mixed

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48
Q

What is the average duration of the female monthly sexual cycle?

A

28 days

49
Q

What are the two phases of the monthly sexual cycle?

A

Follicular phase Luteal phase

50
Q

What happens during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

A
  1. follicle development 2. Endometrial proliferation 3. oulation
51
Q

GnRH is release in what fashion?

A

Pulsatile

52
Q

LH is release from the anterior pituitary how often?

A

About every 90 minutes

53
Q

During the follicular phase, what type of feedback does estrogen exert? Where is this direceted?

A

Negative feedback at the ant pituitary and hypothalamus

54
Q

Do LH and FSH levels ever go down to 0?

A

no

55
Q

When is positive feedback occur with estrogen?

A

At mid cycle, just prior to ovulation

56
Q

What type of feedback occurs in the luteal phase with estrogen? What does this do?

A

Negative–shuts down LH and FSH production

57
Q

What are the cells that secrete inhibin B?

A

Granulosa cells

58
Q

What is the effect of inhibin?

A

Exerts negative feedback on the HPA

59
Q

When does inhibin B secretion spike?

A

Just after ovulation

60
Q

What happens to [inhibin B] during the follicular phase?

A

medium levels

61
Q

What happens to the inhibin A in the luteal phase?

A

Secreted from the corpus luteum, inhibits gonadotropin secretion

62
Q

When cells secrete inhibin A?

A

Corpus luteum

63
Q

What are the cells that produce androstenedione in response to LH?

A

Theca cells

64
Q

Androstenedione is converted to what by granulosa cells? What is this controlled by?

A

Estradiol Controlled by FSH

65
Q

Theca cells synthesize androstenedione in response to what hormone? Where does this androstenedione go?

A

LH Androstenedione goes to the Granulosa cells, where it is converted to estradiol

66
Q

What type of feedback occurs during the follicular phase with estrogen secretion?

A

Negative, but not completely inhibitory

67
Q

Which hormone (LH or FSH) rises markedly during the follicular phase? What does this cause?

A

FSH Causes granulosa cell proliferation Develops theca cells

68
Q

There are two types of theca cells. What are the theca cells that form the capsule of the follicle, and which are the hormone producing ones?

A

Theca externa = capsule Theca interna = secrete hormone

69
Q

Increased steroid production from the theca cells is regulated by what hormones?

A

LH and FSH

70
Q

What happens to FSH receptor expression in granulosa cells in response to estradiol secretion?

A

Increased FSH sensitivity and more follicular secretion

71
Q

What increases the expression of LH receptors on theca cells?

A

Estradiol

72
Q

What are the hormones that cause the proliferation of thecal cells?

A

LH and estradiol

73
Q

How many follicles mature fully? What happens to the others that were growing?

A

One. Others die.

74
Q

What happens when FSH declines in terms of follicular development?

A

Demise of immature follicles

75
Q

What happens to the endometrium during the follicular phase?

A

Endometrial proliferation

76
Q

What promotes the proliferation of the epithelial cells of the uterus and the other endometrial growth stuff?

A

estrogen

77
Q

At mid cycle, what happens to estrogen production? What causes this?

A

Increases markedly, caused by positive feedback

78
Q

What is absolutely required for ovulation?

A

Surge in LH

79
Q

What stimulates the rupture of the follicle?

A

LH

80
Q

What is the best marker for ovulation? Why?

A

Progesterone because it increases basal body temperature

81
Q

What is the corpus luteum formed from?

A

Thecal, granulosa, fibroblasts, etc.

82
Q

What hormones does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

Estradiol and progesterone

83
Q

LH/ hCG stimulates theca cells to produce what? What happens to this hormone?

A

androstenedione–goes to the granulosa-lutein cell, to make estradiol

84
Q

What are LDL receptors upregulated on granulosa-lutein cells?

A

Need cholesterol for progesterone synthesis

85
Q

What are the cells that produce progesterone in the luteal phase?

A

Granulosa-lutein cells

86
Q

Development and differentiation of the endometrium during the luteal phase is mediated by what hormone?

A

Progesterone

87
Q

What is the progestational phase or secretory phase of the endometrial cycle?

A

When endometrium develops in the luteal phase

88
Q

What are the endometrial changes seen in the luteal phase?

A

Increased vasculature and deposition of nutrients

89
Q

What is the hormone that really shuts down anterior pit secretion of LH/FSH during the luteal phase?

A

Inhibin A

90
Q

What causes the loss of steroids seen in the luteal phase?

A

Loss of corpus luteum

91
Q

What is the effect of progesterone on smooth muscle contraction? Prostaglandin production?

A

Suppresses

92
Q

What causes the release of proteolytic enzymes in the menstrual phase?

A

Decline in estrogen and progesterone

93
Q

Increases prostaglandin prodution in the mentrual phase causs what?

A

Contraction

94
Q

When the steroid production falls in the menstrual cycle, what happens to LH and FSH? WHy?

A

Rise d/t loss of negative feedback

95
Q

What is the barrier that sperm must get through to fertilize the egg?

A

zona pellucida

96
Q

What allows a blastocyst to invade the endometrium?

A

Enzyme secretion

97
Q

What prevents that decline in LH/steroids with implantation of the blastocyst?

A

hCG released

98
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete to inhibit myometrial contractions?

A

Relaxin

99
Q

After week 8 maintenance of the pregnancy is no longer supported by the corpus luteum, but by what?

A

The placenta

100
Q

Plot out the summary slide.

A
101
Q

What causes the transition to puberty?

A

Increased pulsatile release of GnRH at night, leading to increased estrogen synthesis

102
Q

What causes the onset of menopause?

A

Loss of estradiol and inhibin d/t loss of follicles

103
Q

What happens to LH and FSH during menopause? Why?

A

Elevation d/t a loss of negative feedback

104
Q

Does estrogen production stop completely during menopause? Why or why not?

A

No, adipose tissue can still produce

105
Q

What causes the rise in FSH and LH in the mid follicular phase?

A

development of the theca cells and granulosa cells

106
Q

When FSH declines in the follicular phase, what does this cause?

A

Death of all but one follicle

107
Q

What causes the decline in FSH in the mid follicular phase?

A

Inhibin B

108
Q

What are the cells that secrete inhibin B?

A

Granulosa cells

109
Q

What causes the increase epithelialization of the uterus during the follicular phase?

A

Estrogen

110
Q

What causes the increase in estradiol synthesis at the midpoint of menstruation?

A

Increased sensitivity of the granulosa/theca cells to FSH/LH

111
Q

What does the surge in estrogen cause?

A

The surge in FSH and LH

112
Q

What is the hormone that is ABSOLUTELY needed for ovulation?

A

LH

113
Q

Is there much progesterone in the body prior to the onset of the luteal phase?

A

Not much

114
Q

What happens to the concentrations of FSH and LH in the mid luteal phase? Why?

A

Decreases due to progesterone and inhibin A secretion

115
Q

What causes the corpus luteum to die if there is no implantation?

A

Loss of LH/FSH due to negative feedback by progesterone and inhibin A

116
Q

What causes puberty?

A

Onset of nocturnal secretion of FSH/LH

117
Q

What causes menopause?

A

Apoptosis of follicular cells, and resulting decrease in estrogen synthesis

118
Q

What happens to [LH] and [FSH] during menopause? Why?

A

Increase since there is less estrogen to provide feedback inhibition

Physiology (75 decks)

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