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Physiology > Special Senses 1 > Flashcards

Special Senses 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the equation for the speed of sound?

A

m/sec = (wavelength)*(frequency)

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2
Q

High frequency sound has short or long wavelength?

A

short

[m/sec = (wavelength)*(frequency)]

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3
Q

What determines the intensity of sound?

A

The amplitude

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4
Q

What is the basis for sound?

A

Movement of air molecules

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5
Q

True of false: loudness can be measured by machines?

A

False–only amplitude

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6
Q

What does loudness depend on?

A

Both frequency and sound pressure

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7
Q

What is the equation for sound level pressure (dB)?

A

20log(P/Pr): P=sound pressure, Pr=reference pressure

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8
Q

What is the range of human hearing (in Hz)?

A

20 Hz to 20,000 Hz

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9
Q

What is the range of frequencies over which we hear best?

A

1-4 kHz

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10
Q

What can cause a notching an audiogram?

A

Killing hair cells = loss of hearing range

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11
Q

What are the two factors that can determine hearing loss?

A

How loud

How long

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the pinna?

A

Localizing sound in the vertical plane

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13
Q

The external auditory meatus has a resonant frequency of what? What is the purpose of this?

A

3,500 Hz–this increases sound pressure at the TM

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the Eustachian tube?

A

Equalize pressure in the middle ear with outside environment

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15
Q

What is the main function of the ossicular system?

A

Provides impedance match between outer and inner ear

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16
Q

What are the two muscles in the middle ear, and what is their innervation?

A

Stapedius – CN VII

Tensor tympani– CN V

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17
Q

Which is window that receive input from the stapes: the oval or the round? What is the other used for?

A

Oval

Round is for pressure balance

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18
Q

What is the sensory input to the middle ear attenuation reflex?

A

CN VIII

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19
Q

What is the motor output of the attenuation reflex?

A

CN VII to stap

CN V to tensor TM

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20
Q

What is the effect of Bell’s palsy on the attenuation reflex?

A

Loss of CN VII efferent to stapedius causing hyperacusis

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21
Q

Is Bell’s palsy a LMN or UMN problem?

A

LMN of CN VII

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22
Q

What is the treatment for Bell’s palsy?

A

Steroids to prevent swelling from CN VII

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23
Q

When do the middle ear muscles (stapedius and tensor tympani) contract regularly?

A

During speaking

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24
Q

What is the small coiled structure in the ear that contains the organ of Corti?

A

Cochlea

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25
Q

What is endolymph? What ion is found in high concentration here?

A

Fluid in the cochlea

K

26
Q

What is perilymph? What ion is found in high concentration here?

A

Fluid in scala vestibuli and scala tympani

Na high, (K low)

27
Q

What are the spaces found around the scala media? (above and below)

A 
Above = scala vestibuli
Below = Scala tympani
28
Q

What is the fluid the contacts the top of the hair cells? Bottom?

A 
Top = endolymph
Bottom = perilymph
29
Q

What is the structure that produces endolymph in the scala media?

A

Stria vascularis

30
Q

What is the effect of some diuretics on the ear?

A

Damage the stria vascularis

31
Q

Failure of what cells to move into the ear can cause hearing loss?

A

Melanocytes

32
Q

What is the layer of fluid that lies over the hair cells?

A

Tectorial membrane

33
Q

What are the hair cell names that sit below the tectorial membrane?

A

Stereocilia

34
Q

How many afferent nerves are there per hair cell?

A

One afferent fiber innervates just one hair cell but several fibers might synapse with one hair cell.

35
Q

What is the function of the inner hair cells?

A

Actual sensory receptor

36
Q

What is the purpose of the high [K] in the scala media endolymph?

A

Allows for ion gradient so flow into the hair cells

37
Q

Why does a hereditary problem with gap junctions cause hearing loss?

A

Loss of feedback of K+ from the hair cells to the stria vascularis

38
Q

What is the function of the outer hair cells?

A

Contract and expand the tectorial to sharpen frequency resolving power

39
Q

What is the origin of the olivocochlear bundle?

A

Superior olivary nucleus

40
Q

What is the helicotrema?

A

End of the cochlea where sound waves turn around

41
Q

What is the relationship between increasing Hz and the distance from the stapes?

A

Higher Hz means peak the most movement of the basilar membrane occur at lower distance

42
Q

What is the tonotopic map?

A

Different points along the cochlea are used to detect different frequency sounds

43
Q

High frequencies occur where in the cochlea?

A

Early–near the stapes

44
Q

Low frequencies occur where in the cochlea?

A

Near apex of the cochlea

45
Q

Where in the brainstem is the CN VIII nucleus?

A

Posterior medulla

46
Q

What structure in the pons does the cochlear fibers go (some cross over) to?

A

Superior olive

47
Q

Where do fibers from the cochlear nucleus go after they (cross over) in the pons at the superior olive? (3)

A

Lateral lemniscus, then inferior colliculus, then medial geniculate complex

48
Q

Does frequency map in the auditory cortex

A

Yes

49
Q

How are sounds localized?

A

auditory neurons compare loudness of sound arriving in each ear, or the arrival of the sound

50
Q

What is the structure in the brainstem responsible for the reflex of the eyes and hearing?

A

Colliculus

51
Q

What is the structure in the brainstem that is utilized in localizing sound?

A

Superior olive

52
Q

What is the cause of conductive deafness?

A

impaired sound transmission in the external or middle ear

53
Q

What is otosclerosis?

A

Genetic disease where bone is deposited around the stapes

54
Q

True or false: OM with effusion can cause conductive hearing loss

A

True

55
Q

What is the problem with conductive hearing loss early in life?

A

Inability to distinguish between sounds hinders language development

56
Q

What is the disease associated with vestibular Schwanomas (acoustic neuromas)

A

NFM II

57
Q

What is Meniere’s syndrome?

A

Overproduction of endolymph

58
Q

What is the cause of central hearing loss?

A

Lesions to central auditory nuclei and pathways

59
Q

Why is it that unilateral damage to ascending auditory pathways has only subtle effects on hearing?

A

So much crossing

60
Q

What is the disease that can cause defective sound localization?

A

MS

61
Q

True or false: humans emit tones from their ears

A

True

62
Q

What is the clinical application of otoacoustic emissions?

A

screening tool since patients with sensory hearing losses of greater than 30 dB do not usually have these emissions.

Physiology (75 decks)

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