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Physiology > Digestion and absorption > Flashcards

Digestion and absorption Flashcards

1
Q

What is the site of B12 absorption?

A

Ileum

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2
Q

What are the cells that produce intrinsic factor?

A

Parietal cells of the stomach

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3
Q

Are oligosaccharide or polysaccharides absorbed directly?

A

No–digested to monosaccharides first

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4
Q

Where is the first primary site of polysaccharide digestion? What is the enzyme utilized here?

A

Lumen of the intestine

alpha-amylase

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5
Q

What stimulates the release of alpha-amylase? Where does the enzyme come from?

A

Ach and CCK

Pancreas

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6
Q

Where are the lactase, maltase, and isomaltase enzymes found?

A

On the brush border of the intestines

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7
Q

What are the glucose transporters utilized in the intestine?

A

Luminal side: SLGT1, GLUT5

Intracellular side: GLUT2

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8
Q

SGLT1 can move what across the membrane?

A

Na, Glu, Glc.

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9
Q

What is the substrate for GLUT5?

A

Fructose

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10
Q

Where does protein digestion begin? What is the enzyme utilized here? Where does this enzyme from from?

A

Stomach

Pepsin from chief cells

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11
Q

What is the function of gastrin?

A

Promotes acid secretion, and delays gastric emptying

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12
Q

What are the enzymes in the intestines that digest peptides? Where do these come from? What causes their release?

A

Trypsin–pancreas in response to CCK

Brush border peptidases

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13
Q

Are oligopeptide able to be absorbed, or do they need to be broken down fully to amino acids?

A

Can absorb oligopeptides

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14
Q

What is the transporter that can move small oligopeptides across the apical membrane? What is cotransported?

A

PEP1, uses H ions co transport

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15
Q

What is the transporter that can move amino acids across the apical membrane? What is cotransported?

A

B transporter

Na

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16
Q

Where do lipids begin to be digested? What are the enzymes utilized here?

A

Lumen of the stomach

Lingual lipase
Gastric lipase
Emulsification

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17
Q

What are the enzymes that digest lipids in the lumen of the duodenum?

A

Pancreatic lipase
Co-lipase
Emulsification
(Bile)

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18
Q

What inactivates gastric lipases?

A

pancreatic proteases and alkaline conditions

19
Q

What is the primary site of lipid digestion?

A

Lumen of the duodenum

20
Q

What is the cell types that responds to FAs in the duodenum? What does it release?

A

I cells, CCK

21
Q

What is the function of colipase?

A

Regulatory protein that anchors lipase to fatty droplets—IT HAS NO ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY

22
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins? A defect in what leads to a deficiency?

A

A, D, E, K

Reduce bile synthesis or secretion

23
Q

What is the transporter for cholesterol and FAs?

A

NPC1L1

24
Q

What are chylomicrons?

A

MIxture of lipids in intestinal epithelial cells

25
Q

What do chylomicrons combine with to be transported through the blood?

A

Lipoproteins

26
Q

Where is the intrinsic factor receptor expressed?

A

Ileum

27
Q

What is the protein that transports B12 in the body?

A

transcobalamin

28
Q

Where is B12 stored? Secreted?

A

Liver and secreted in the bile

29
Q

What happens to parietal cells as we age? Problem with this?

A

Less of them = less IF = less B12

30
Q

What is the cause of pernicious anemia?

A

Several important pathologies are related to either an actual or a
functional vitamin B12 deficiency. Actual deficiency refers to a lack of vitamin B12 in
the diet whereas functional deficiency refers to an inability to absorb or otherwise
metabolize the vitamin.

31
Q

What regulates the expression of the Ca transporter in the intestines?

A

Vit D

32
Q

Lactose intolerance is due to what? What are the symptoms that this causes?

A

Lactase deficiency in the lumen of the intestines

Osmotic diarrhea–bacterial gas production

33
Q

Lactose = what two monomers?

A

Glucose + galactose

34
Q

Why does gastroparesis lead to poor glycemic control?

A

Irregular dumping of food into the intestines, causing inefficient absorption. This can change the amount of medication absorbed.

35
Q

What is the role of folic acid?

A

Needed for DNA synthesis–thus will be upregulated if there is less B12, but no good

36
Q

What transporter is utilized to transport glu, glc, and fructose across the basolateral cell membrane, into the interstitium?

A

GLUT-2

37
Q

What is the transporter that absorbs cholesterol?

A

Neimann Pick C1-like1 (NPC1L1)

38
Q

What is the importance of folic acid and B12? What is the primary symptom of a folate deficiency?

A

Used in DNA synthesis and cell division

Anemia d/t loss of RBC production

39
Q

Colbalamin = ?

A

Vit B12

40
Q

Why is ferric ion not absorbed from the intestines?

A

It precipitates out at pHs above 3

41
Q

What is the vitamin that reduces Fe 3+ to Fe2+?

A

C

42
Q

What is the protein carrier of Fe?

A

Transferrin

43
Q

What is the transporter that absorbs Fe from the intestines?

A

divalent cation transporter 1 (DCT-1)

Physiology (75 decks)

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