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Physiology > Limbic System > Flashcards

Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

What is emotion?

A

Subjective feelings and associated physiological states

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2
Q

What are subjective feelings?

A

explicit conscious awareness, such as fear, anxiety,

happiness

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3
Q

Are physiologic states of emotion implicit or explicit?

A

Implicit (unconscious)

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4
Q

What are the two components of the physiologic part of emotion?

A

Skeletal muscle activity

Visceral activity

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5
Q

What are the two characteristics of the limbic system that make it ideal for regulating emotions?

A

Connects cortex and lower parts of the brain

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6
Q

What are the affective responses of the limbic system?

A

Fear
Rage
Pleasure
Motivation

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7
Q

True or false: the limbic system plays no role in memory

A

False–critical for certain types of memory

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8
Q

What is the role of the limbic system in homeostasis? (4)

A

Reproductive drive
Eating/drinking
Endocrine
Autonomic regulation

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9
Q

What are the main components of the limbic system?

A 
Cingulate gyrus
Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Olfactory system
Septal nuclei
Insula
Thalamus
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10
Q

What are the two nuclei of the thalamus that are a part of the limbic system?

A

Anterior nucleus

Mediodorsal nucleus

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11
Q

What are the three parts of the limbic cortex?

A
  • Anterior cingulate gyrus
  • Orbitofrontal, medial prefrontal cortex
  • Insula
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12
Q

What is the primary output of the limbic system?

A

Hypothalamus

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13
Q

What is the higher part of the brain that the amygdala is connected to?

A

Limbic cortex

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14
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus in the limbic system?

A

governs and monitors internal homeostasis and

basic needs such as hunger and thirst.

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15
Q

Higher order limbic nuclei (e.g. amygdala, hippocampus), do what?

A

achieve

some awareness of external reality and begin to form memories.

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16
Q

What is the role of the limbic cortex?

A

more efficiently, effectively, and safely satisfy
limbic needs and impulses; associated with the conscious, rational
mind.

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17
Q

True or false: Under certain circumstances, emotions can hijack the logical mind,
and the limbic system can overturn the neocortex

A

True

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18
Q

What part of the brain utilizes dopamine?

A

Mesolimbic system

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19
Q

What are the parts of the mesolimbic system?

A

NAcc, mPFC, septal nuclei

Nigrostriatal projections

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20
Q

What neurotransmitter does the Locus ceruleus use?

A

NE

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21
Q

What neurotransmitter does the raphe nuclei use?

A

5HT

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22
Q

What neurotransmitter do the nucleus basalis and septal nuclei use?

A

Ach

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23
Q

True or false: the hypothalamus is fully functional at birth

A

True

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24
Q

How is the hypothalamus involved in the emotional response?

A

Through the ANS

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25
Q

What are the two way the hypothalamus send information?

A

Neuronal circuitry

Endocrine

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26
Q

The hypothalamus can mediate body responses between internal and external information. What is the part of the brain that is necessary for conscious appreciation of stimuli, and emotional response?

A

Limbic system

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27
Q

What is the role of the amygdala?

A

Integrative center for emotions, emotional behavior, and

motivation

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28
Q

What are the three groups of nuclei in the amygdala?

A
  1. Corticomedial nucleus
  2. Basolateral nucleus
  3. Central nucleus
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29
Q

What are the major inputs into the amygdala? (4)

A

Sensory cortex
Sensory thalamus
Associative cortex
Prefrontal cortex

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30
Q

What are the two outputs of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala?

A

Thalamus

Basal ganglia

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31
Q

What are the major input/outputs of the central nucleus of the amygdala (they’re all reciprocal)?

A

Brainstem
PAG
Autonomic centers

32
Q

What is the major input into the corticomedial nucleus of the amygdala?

33
Q

What is the output of the olfactory nucleus of the amygdala?

A

To the hypothalamus, then to pituitary

34
Q

What are the three major outputs of the amygdala?

A

Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Basal ganglia

35
Q

Why is the basolateral part of the amygdala enlarged in humans?

A

Major input area that projects to the central nucleus of the amygdala

36
Q

What part of the brain is involved in recognition of facial expression?

37
Q

What is the role in homeostasis that the amygdala plays? (2)

A

Conditioning of autonomic responses

Neuroendocrine control

38
Q

What is the effect of an amydalectomy?

A

Flat affect, loss of fear

39
Q

What is the role of the amygdala in memory and learning?

A
  • Conditioned fears
  • Response to aversive stimuli
  • Modulate working memory
40
Q

What part of the brain works with the amygdala to play a role in motivation and emotion?

A

Nucleus accumbens

41
Q

What is the underlying neural circuit in learning of the amygdala?

A

Synaptic connections of sensory inputs to

amygdala neurons are strengthened

42
Q

How does the activity of the amygdala change when presented with faces?

43
Q

Stimulation of the amygdala produces what?

A

A sense of familiarity

44
Q

What is the role of the amygdala in homeostasis?

A

Neuroendocrine control

45
Q

The somatosensory cortex projects to what nucleus in the amygdala in the neural circuit of fear conditioning? Where does this send projections to?

A

Basolateral – to the PVN, LH and CG of the hypothalamus

46
Q

What is the role of the PVN (paraventricular nucleus) of the hypothalamus in the neural circuit of fear conditioning pathway?

A

Release hormones

47
Q

What is the role of the lateral hypothalamus in the neural circuit of fear conditioning pathway?

A

Autonomic stuffs

48
Q

What is the role of the auditory cortex in the neural circuit of fear conditioning?

A

Projects to the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala.

49
Q

What are the three types of conditional fear in humans?

A

Fear conditioning
Instructed fear
Observational fear

50
Q

What is instructed fear?

A

Telling someone you will hurt them

51
Q

What is observational fear?

A

CS after the subject observed someone else undergoing fear conditioning

52
Q

What does the hippocampus do in learning and memory?

A

Provides context

53
Q

What is the role of the medial prefrontal cortex in fear?

A

Regulates how much fear the amygdala expresses

54
Q

Why do teenagers suck?

A

No cortex to regulate amygdala

55
Q

What part of the brain deals with the raw and reflexive emotional response to stimuli?

A

Hypothalamus

56
Q

What part of the brain deals with the external emotional feature of reality/assign emotional significance to what is experienced?

57
Q

What part of the brain is involved in understanding emotions of others?

A

Mirror neurons of the limbic cortex

58
Q

What are mirror neurons?

A

Neurons that activate the same neural pathways just by seeing someone else do it

59
Q

What part of the brain mediate empathy?

A

Only that part of the pain network associated

with its affective qualities, but not its sensory qualities, mediates empathy.

60
Q

A lesion where will produce the following symptoms:

  • Apathetic
  • Impulsive
  • Poor judgment
  • Depressive behaviors
  • Mania
A

Prefrontal cortex

61
Q

What are the three areas of the brain that are involved in the brain reward system?

A

Nucleus accumbens
Frontal cortex
Ventral tegmental area

62
Q

What is the major neurotransmitter involved in the reward pathway

63
Q

What composes the nucleus accumbens?

A

Caudate nucleus + putamen (= striatum)

64
Q

What is the underlying circuitry of the brain reward system?

A

Limbic loop

65
Q

What is the reward signal?

A

Dopamine from ventral tegmental area (VTA) to nucleus accumbens

66
Q

What are the inputs into the nucleus accumbens in the reward pathway? (4)

A

Prefrontal cortex
Amygdala
VTA
Hippocampus

67
Q

Where does the nucleus accumbens output to in the reward pathway?

A

Ventral Pallidus to thalamus

68
Q

What is the gist of the reward pathway?

A 
Cortex
Striatum
Pallidum
Thalamus
AND BACK TO CORTEX!
69
Q

What other loop is similar to the reward loop?

A

motor loop and goal directed behavior

70
Q

What part of the thalamus is involved in the limbic loop?

A

Mediodorsal

71
Q

What is the function of the VTA in the reward system?

A

provides dopamine

72
Q

What is the role of the limbic system in the reward system?

A

emotional processing in the limbic
system can signal the presence of rewards and can promote the activation of
motor programs to acquire the beneficial rewards

73
Q

What is the MOA of addicting drugs such as cocaine, heroin, opiates, marijuana etc?

A

act on elements of the limbic circuitry by

altering the neuromodulatory influence of dopamine

74
Q

What is the effect of addictive substances on the reward pathway?

A

Addiction dampens the response of reward circuitry to natural rewards, and
intensifies the response to addictive drugs, resulting in “hypofrontality” –
reduced cortical control of emotional behaviors.

75
Q

What is the effect of addiction on the frontal lobe?

A

Reduced goal setting
Lack of motivation
Diminished planning
Impulse inhibition

76
Q

What is the effect of addiction on the limbic lobe?

A 
Anxiety
Urgency
Negative affect
Craving
Impulsivity

Physiology (75 decks)

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