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Physiology > Pulmonary disorders > Flashcards

Pulmonary disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Obstructive diseases are manifested by what?

A

increased resistance to airflow

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2
Q

What are the three types of obstructive pulmonary diseases?

A
  1. Obstruction from conditions in the wall of the lumen
  2. Obstruction related to loss of lung parenchyma
  3. Obstruction of the airway lumen
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3
Q

What type of disease is asthma?

A

Obstruction from conditions in the wall of the lumen

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4
Q

What is the level of alveolar damage going from asthma, chronic bronchitis, to COPD?

A

Increases steadily

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5
Q

What is the level of reversibility going from asthma, chronic bronchitis, to COPD?

A

Decreases steadily

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6
Q

What is the level of sputum production going from asthma, chronic bronchitis, to COPD?

A

High in chronic bronchitis

Low for asthma and COPD

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7
Q

What is asthma?

A

Increased airway responsiveness to stimuli that partially or completely reversible bronchoconstriction

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8
Q

Allergic asthma presents when? Non allergic?

A 
Allergic = peds
Non-allergic = adulthood
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9
Q

What is the main difference between allergic and nonallergic asthma?

A

Can have allergen specific immunotherapy if know allergen

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10
Q

Allergen binding to the bronchial epithelium in allergic asthma activates what? What does this lead to (2)?

A

Inflammatory mediators,

leading to vasodilation, increased mucus production and loss of epithelium

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11
Q

What type of disease is Acute bronchitis?

A

Obstruction from conditions in the wall of the lumen

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12
Q

What type of disease is Chronic bronchitis?

A

Obstruction from conditions in the wall of the lumen

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13
Q

What type of obstructive disease is COPD?

A

Loss of lung parenchyma

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14
Q

What type of obstructive disease is bronchiectasis?

A

Obstruction of the airway lumen

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15
Q

What type of obstructive disease is Bronchiolitis?

A

Obstruction of the airway lumen

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16
Q

What type of obstructive disease is Cystic fibrosis?

A

Obstruction of the airway lumen

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17
Q

What type of obstructive disease is Acute tracheobronchial obstruction?

A

Obstruction of the airway lumen

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18
Q

What type of obstructive disease is epiglottitis?

A

Obstruction of the airway lumen

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19
Q

What type of obstructive disease is croup?

A

Obstruction of the airway lumen

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20
Q

Do you have a family or personal h/o allergies in allergic asthma? Nonallergic asthma?

A

Yes for allergic, no for nonallergic

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21
Q

What leads to the increase in mucus secretion/narrower bronchiolar diameter seen in asthma? (3)

A
  1. Loss of epithelial cells and their cilia
  2. Vasodilation/angiogenesis
  3. Bronchoconstriction
22
Q

What happens to the submucosal layer of the bronchi in asthma? Smooth muscle?

A

Thickening and edema

Hyperplasia and hypertrophy

23
Q

What is the HPI like in asthma?

A

SOB d/t temp changes, allergen exposure, exercise,

24
Q

What are the vital like in asthma attack? (3)

A
  1. Tachypnea
  2. Tachycardia
  3. Pulsus paradoxus
25
Q

What is pulsus paradoxus?

A

Inspiration produces a drop in the plus pressure (this is opposite of normal)

26
Q

What causes pulsus paradoxus?

A

Increased afterload of the right heart, lowering stroke volume, and lowering left ventricular SV d/t pressure from the right side of the heart

27
Q

What are the four major exam findings in asthma?

A
  1. Accessory musle use
  2. expiration > inspiration
  3. hyperinflated chest
  4. Wheezing
28
Q

When, typically, is wheezing longer/louder in asthma, the inspiratory or expiratory phase?

A

Expiratory phase

29
Q

What are the peak flow rates like in an asthma attack?

A

A decrease in airflow rates throughout the vital capacity is the cardinal pulmonary function
abnormality during an asthmatic episode.

30
Q

What happens to the volumes of the lung in asthma?

A

lung volume measurements

demonstrate an increase in both total lung capacity and residual volume;

31
Q

What are the therapeutic goals of treating asthma?

A
  1. ADLs w/o SOB
  2. Sleep w/o awakening
  3. Minimize rescue inhaler use
  4. Minimize care
32
Q

When are bronchodilators used in asthma?

A

Acutely

33
Q

What is the MOA of controller treatments for asthma?

A

block the effects or prevent the production of inflammatory mediators that are released by
inflammatory cells in the airway

34
Q

What are the two receptors that we utilize to effect bronchodilation?

A

Beta 2 (excite)

M3 (inhibit)

35
Q

What are restrictive lung diseases?

A

Decreased expansion of the lungs d/t alteration in thelung parenchyma

36
Q

What are the four types of restrictive lung disorders?

A
  1. Lung parenchyma disorders
  2. Pleural space disorders
  3. Neuromuscular/chest wall abnormalities
  4. Infection/inflammation of the lungs
37
Q

What are the two types of lung parenchyma disorders?

A
  1. Fibrotic interstitial lung disease

2. Atelectasis disorders (ARDS, IRDS)

38
Q

What are the two types of pleural space disorders?

A

Pneumothorax

Pleural effusion

39
Q

What is Adult Respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

A

A severe respiratory distress condition characterized by damage to the alveolar-capillary
membrane

40
Q

What are the three key pathological features of ARDS?

A
  1. noncardiogenic pulmonary edema
  2. Atelectasis d/t lack of surfactant
  3. Fibrosis
41
Q

What are the two most common causes of ARDS?

A
  1. Sepsis

2. Aspiration of gastric acid

42
Q

How do you diagnose ARDS?

A

Decrease in PaO2 that is refractory to supplemental O2 therapy

43
Q

What causes noncardiogenic pulmonary edema?

A

Damage to the alveolar capillaries

44
Q

What causes the severe hypoxemia seen in ARDS?

A

intrapulmonary shunting of blood

45
Q

What causes the decreased lung compliance seen in ARDS?

A

Deposition of plasma protein

46
Q

What are the findings seen on a CXR in ARDS?

A

White out

47
Q

What is the treatment for ARDS?

A

Supportive
Cure cause of disease
PEEP

48
Q

How does PEEP help ARDS?

A

Increases FRV

Forces edema out

49
Q

How does atelectasis occur during high [c] oxygen administration?

A

Use of oxygen by body

50
Q

What is High Frequency Jet Ventilation (HFJV??

A

small Vt is given at a high frequency, reducing

lung injury caused by ventilator

51
Q

Why is inhaled NO given to ARDS patients?

A

Relaxation of the bronchioles

Physiology (75 decks)

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