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Corticomotor system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first event of the three that preceded voluntary motor movement?

A

Perceptual mechanisms generate a sensory model of the external world and a person’s position in the environment

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2
Q

What is the second event of the three that preceded voluntary motor movement?

A

Cognitive processes use the internally generated model to decide on a course of action

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3
Q

What is the third event of the three that preceded voluntary motor movement?

A

The selected motor plan is conveyed to the neural areas responsible for implementation of the plan

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4
Q

What are the areas of the motor cortex?

A
  1. Primary motor cortex
  2. Supplementary/motor cortex
  3. Cingulate motor cortex
  4. Frontal eye fields
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5
Q

What is the function of the reticulospinal tract?

A

are medial system motor pathways for control of axial and proximal muscles

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6
Q

What is the function of the rubrospinal tract?

A

part of lateral system motor pathways to control mainly distal and proximal muscles of the upper extremity. (monkeys)

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7
Q

Where does the red nucleus receives most of its innervation from?

A

cerebellum and primary motor cortex

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8
Q

The rubrospinal tract go where?

A

Flexors of the hands

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9
Q

Which lobe is the frontal eye field located in?

A

Frontal lobe

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10
Q

Neurons in the frontal eye field will collaborate with cells where to control eye movement?

A

Superior colliculus to PPRF

OR

straight to PPRF (horizontal gaze centers)

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11
Q

What is the route of the motor system innervation?

A

Parietal, premotor/supplementary cortex

Primary motor cortex

Brainstem

Spinal cord

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12
Q

Corticobulbar tract = what tract?

A

Corticonuclear (same thing, different name)

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13
Q

What is significant about the way the upper and lower parts of the facial nucleus is innervated by UMNs?

A

Upper part get bilateral projections

Lower part only contralateral

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14
Q

True or false: Corticorubral fibers and corticoreticular fibers are also part of the corticonuclear tracts

A

True

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15
Q

Corticonuclear fibers pass through what part of the internal capsule on their way to the brainstem? What is the next part?

A

Genu, then crus cerebri

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16
Q

Motor control of the extraocular eye muscles is partially via a projection from what two cortical areas?

A

the frontal and parietal motor eye fields of the cortex

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17
Q

the frontal and parietal motor eye fields of the cortex send projections where to innervate the eyes?

A

the horizontal and vertical gaze centers of the reticular formation

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18
Q

What are the two ways of smiling?

A

Pyramidal system

RF

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19
Q

What is the pathway for the pyramidal smiling?

A

Cortex to pyramids to facial nucleus

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20
Q

What is the non-pyramidal pathway for smiling?

A

Forebrain/hypothalamus to the facial nucleus

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21
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract cross?

A

Lateral crosses in the medulla

Anterior crosses at the spinal cord level

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22
Q

What percent of fibers of the corticospinal tract cross in the medulla, to form the lateral corticospinal tract?

A

90%

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23
Q

Where do the fibers of the lateral corticospinal tract synapse (on what neurons)?

A

Anterior horn nuclei to distal limbs for fractionated movements

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24
Q

What percent of fibers of the corticospinal tract do not cross in the medulla, but instead stay anteriorly to form the lateral corticospinal tract?

A

10%

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25
What is the function of the anterior corticospinal tract?
Motor innervation to the trunk, neck, and shoulder
26
True or false: the corticospinal tract is only involved in motor functions
False--has sensory, to emphasize movement
27
What is the origin of the lateral corticospinal tract?
Frontal cortex, and somatosensory cortex
28
What is the origin of the anterior corticospinal tract?
only the motor cortex
29
What type of movement is the lateral corticospinal tract necessary for?
Fractionated movements of the hand and fingers
30
Why can we not (physically) perform experiments on humans to cut the corticospinal tract?
Intermingles with the rubrospinal tract, thus no way to isolate it
31
How is the motor cortex fibers organized?
According to a given task, rather than a specific muscle
32
Can somatotopic organization of the motor cortex change?
yes
33
What artery gets the leg area of the primary motor cortex?
anterior cerebral
34
What artery supplies the trunk, hand, and face area of the primary motor cortex?
Middle cerebral
35
Lesions restricted to the primary motor cortex can cause what?
Persistent hypotonia or spasticity if other cortical areas involved
36
What are the arteries that supply the internal capsule (branches of the middle cerebral)?
Lenticulostriate
37
What is paresis?
Weakness of voluntary muscle
38
What is the role of the premotor area?
Goal directed movement that requires sensory information about the environment
39
What a mirror neurons?
Neurons in the premotor area that might encode the intentions and actions of others and participate in imitation learning
40
What are the functions of the premotor cortex compared to the supplementary motor cortex?
PM more important for movements activated or guided by external stimuli
41
What is the role of the supplementary motor cortex? (2)
Planning or preparing for sequential motor acts. Coordinating movements from each side of the body (especially those initiated or controlled by internal, remembered or self-determined stimuli)
42
What area of the brain has been implicated in the inability to **start** activities like walking parkinsons?
Putamen
43
Do lesions of the SMC produce paralysis?
No, but do cause problems in initiating or suppressing movement
44
What is the function of the frontal eye field?
INfluences eye movements through projections to the brainstem vertical and horizontal gaze centers and the superior colliculus
45
What is the input to the frontal eye field?
visual association cortex and basal ganglia and thalamic relays about the location of a visual target
46
What are the three projections that the frontal eye field sends off to help eye movement?
projections to the brainstem vertical and horizontal gaze centers and the superior colliculus.
47
What is the input to the FEF?
from visual association cortex and basal ganglia and thalamic relays
48
What is the effect of a lesion in the FEF?
Permanent deficit in the ability to make saccades that are not guided by an external target Cannot voluntarily direct their eyes away from a stimulus in the visual field
49
Where do the cortical influence over eye movements go (which nucleus) to have an effect on the eyes?
Pontine RF
50
What are saccades?
Small movements of the eye
51
What part of the brain is involved in the reflexive saccades?
Superior colliculus
52
What is Brown-sequard syndrome?
Hemisection of the spinal cord
53
Fasciculations and fibrillations are characteristics of UMNs or LMN lesions?
LMNs
54
If there is a brainstem lesion to the UMN in the spinal cord which side will be affected?
Contralateral
55
If there is a brainstem lesion to the LMN in the spinal cord which side will be affected?
Ipsilateral
56
What are the deficits of Brown-Sequard syndrome ipsilateral to the lesion?
Loss of fine touch, UMN symptoms below lesion, LMN signs at level of lesion
57
What are the deficits of Brown-Sequard syndrome contralateral to the lesion?
Loss of pain and temp sensation
58
UMN lesion will produce what symptoms in the Babinski response?
Upgoing response (extension of the great toe, and flaring of the other toes)
59
A lesion to the corticospinal tract / corticonuclear tract origin will produce weakness where?
Facial weakness ipsilateral Limb paralysis contralateral
60
What is alternating hemiplegia?
is caused by pontine lesions which involve corticospinal tract fibers and fibers from the abducens nucleus.
61
What type of lesion will affect one entire half of the body?
Hemispheric lesion
62
What type of lesion will affect ipsilateral face and contralateral side of the body?
Brainstem lesion
63
Lesions restricted to the primary motor cortex cause what symptoms?
Persistent hypotonia

Physiology (75 decks)

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