Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Renal Overview > Flashcards

Renal Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Where are nephrons located in the kidney?

A

Renal pyramids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two specific ways that the kidneys regulate water/electrolyte balance?

A
  1. Regulate ECF

2. Plasma osmolality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How, generally, do the kidneys function to regulate BP? (2)

A
  1. Volume control

2. Renin-angiotensin system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the four major chemicals that the kidneys excrete?

A

Urea
Uric acid
Creatinine
Urobilins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the main source of erythropoietin?

A

Kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where does the last step of Vit D synthesis take place?

A

Kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When do to the kidneys participate in gluconeogenesis?

A

Late fast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the lumen of the nephron?

A

Renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the luminal side of the tubular cells?

A

The side that faces the lumen of the tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the apical side of the tubular cell?

A

The side opposite that of the lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is on the basolateral side of the tubular cells?

A

Tight junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where is ADH stored in the kidney?

A

1.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the branching names of the renal artery?

A

Interlobar to arcuate to afferent arterioles to efferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the functional difference between the cortical nephrons and the juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Cortical can dilute urine, but cannot concentrate

Juxtamedullary can concentrate and dilute urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the two places that you can find nephrons? How are these named? (2)

A

In the cortex (superficial)

Medulla (juxtamedullary nephrons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the name of the artery that extends into Bowman’s capsule?

A

Afferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the name of the artery that extends out of Bowman’s capsule?

A

Efferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the structural difference between juxtamedullary and cortical nephrons?

A

Juxtamedullary has thin descending and ascending

Cortical has small thin descending. (remainder is thick)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the two components of the renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

True or false: any freely filtered substance will be at the same concentration in the filtrate as it is in the plasma in the afferent arteriole

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What controls filtration in the glomerulus?

A

Starling’s forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What part of the glomerulus filters?

A

Glomerular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What part of the glomerulus reabsorb filtrate? What allows for this?

A

Peritubular capillaries

High protein [c]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the dilated, blind end of the nephron tubule that is invaginated by a tuft of of capillaries?

A

Bowman’s capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the three components of the Bowman’s capsule that allows for filtration of the blood?

A
  1. Capillary endothelium
  2. Basement membrane
  3. Specialized epithelium of capsule (podocytes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the cells that act as phagocytes and removed trapped material from the basement membrane of the glomerulus?

A

Mesangial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the two epithelial layers of Bowman’s capsule?

A
  1. the visceral layer which surrounds the capillaries

2. the parietal layer which is the outer part of the capsule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Bowman’s capsule empties into what?

A

The proximal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the general term used when substances move from lumen of tubule into interstitial fluid (and then into blood vessels)?

A

Reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the general term used when substance moves from blood vessel into tubular fluid?

A

Secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the macroscopic areas of the kidney that produce urine? What are the structures that the urine passes to from here to the ureters?

A

Renal pyramids to minor calyx to major calyx to renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are peritubular capillaries? Are they found on all nephrons?

A

Capillaries next to the tubules. These are always found with nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where is plasma filtered in the nephron?

A

At the glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Where does the filtrate flow from Bowman’s space?

A

To the proximal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where are the cells of the macula densa? What is their function?

A

In the distal convoluted tubule In contact with the afferent arteriole

Monitors NaCl delivery to the distal tubule

37
Q

Is the pressure in Bowman’s capsule always the same?

A

Normally narrow range, but can vary in disease

38
Q

What prevents proteins from flowing from the capillaries into Bowman’s space?

A

Negative charges on endothelial cells/podocytes and the presence of a BM

39
Q

What is the protein concentration of the efferent arterioles relative to the afferent? What is the consequence of this?

A

Higher d/t loss of plasma

This allows for easier reuptake later for the peritubular capillaries

40
Q

From the blood to Bowman’s space, how many layers does filtrate have to go through? What are these?

A

Three– Endothelium, BM, podocytes

41
Q

What is the structural feature of the capillary endothelial cells that allows for high rates of filtration?

A

Fenestrated

42
Q

What are the cells that sit on the capillaries in Bowman’s capsule that aid in filtration, and have many interdigitating extension?

A

Podocytes

43
Q

What are the four processes that take place in the nephron?

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Reabsorption
  3. Secretion
  4. Excretion
44
Q

Urinary excretion rate = what?

A

The rate at which the substance is filtered - the reabsorption rate + the rate at which it is secreted from the peritubular capillary blood into tubules

45
Q

Looking at a nephron, how do you determine whether or not it is a cortical or a juxtamedullary one?

A

Where the glomerulus is

46
Q

What are the cortical medullary rays?

A

The part of the cortex that contains the straight proximal tubules, cortical thick ascending limbs, and cortical collecting ducts

47
Q

What are the structures through which filtrate passes on its way to the collecting duct (starting with Bowman’s capsule, 6)

A
  1. Bowmans capsule
  2. Proximal tubule
  3. Thin descending limb
  4. Thin ascending limb (if juxtamedullary)
  5. Thick ascending limb
  6. Distal tubule
48
Q

How many cell layers make up the walls of the distal/proximal convoluted tubule?

A

One

49
Q

The tight junctions between the cells that surround the tubule lumen separate what two parts of the nephron?

A

The lumen membrane and the basolateral membrane

50
Q

What is the Na/K pump located in the nephron?

A

The cells of the proximal tubule

51
Q

Where does most Na reabsorption occur in the nephron?

A

Proximal tubule

52
Q

What is the chemical driving force for Na from the the lumen side of the tubule: into or out of the renal tubule cells?

A

Into

53
Q

Thick or thin cells surrounding the proximal tubule?

A

Thick

54
Q

Thick or thin cells surrounding the descending loop of henle ?

A

Thin

55
Q

Thick or thin cells surrounding the ascending loop of henle?

A

Thick

56
Q

Thick or thin cells surrounding the early and late distal tubules?

A

Thick

57
Q

What is the direction of flow for Na, Cl, K, H2O, glucose, and aa in the proximal tubule? H+?

A

Out of for all except H+

58
Q

What is direction of flow for Na, Cl H2O, and urea in the descending loop of henle?

A

All into except for H2O

59
Q

What is the direction of flow for Na, Cl, K, Ca, HCO3, H+, and Mg in the thick ascending loop of Henle?

A

all out of the tubule lumen and into the capillaries except for H+

60
Q

What are the two chemical that pass out of the lumen from the early distal tubule?

A

Na and Cl

61
Q

What is the flow of Na, K, H2O, HCO3, and H+ in the late distal tubule?

A

Out of lumen: Na, H2O, HCO3

Into lumen: H+ and K+

62
Q

How is Na reabsorbed from the lumen of the tubule?

A

Na/K pump into cell, and out towards capillaries

63
Q

How is glucose reabsorbed from the lumen of the tubule?

A

Synport

64
Q

Where is most of the Na reabsorbed? How?

A

Proximal tubule

Via Na proton antiporter

65
Q

How is HCO3 reabsorbed?

A

Na/H transporters

66
Q

What is absorbed in the first half of the proximal tubule?

A

Na with glucose, amino acids, lactate

67
Q

How is glucose reabsorbed from the tubule?

A

Na symporters

68
Q

What is the major driving force of water out of the tubule? How can it diffuse so readily?

A

Reabsorption of solutes

Aquaporins

69
Q

Approximately what % of the filtered water Na+, Cl- , K+ have been reabsorbed by the end of the proximal tubule?

A

67%

70
Q

What is the main way that substances are moved from the tubule of a nephron back into capillaries?

A

Na symport

71
Q

What is isosmotic reabsorption of water?

A

Water moves with dissolved solutes

72
Q

What can pass through tight junctions of the tubules?

A

Na and Cl

73
Q

What are the two pumps on the capillary side of the renal tubule cell? Which way do the ions flow?

A

Na/K pump -Na in, K out

K/Cl pump -both out

74
Q

A small amount of proteins are filtered each day. How are these reabsorbed?

A

Peptidases on the luminal surface breakdown to AAs. Reabsorbed like other AAs

Endocytosis for larger proteins

75
Q

True or false: • Normally virtually all filtered protein is reabsorbed so little or no protein in urine.

A

True

76
Q

How does proteinuria come about?

A

since endocytosis/digestion mechanism easily saturated an increase in filtered protein can cause proteinuria

77
Q

What is the significance of the limited number of transporters in the distal tubule?

A

Saturable, and shared by many things

78
Q

What is the major process occuring in the thick ascending limb of a nephron?

A

NaCl is pumped out but water cannot follow

79
Q

Where does countercurrent exchange take place?

A

In the loop of henle

80
Q

Where is the macula densa located within a nephron?

A

The final portion of the thick ascending limb

81
Q

What is significant about the thick loop of henle, and plays a major role in secretion? What is the significance of this?

A

Impermeable to water

Thus can dilute filtrate here

82
Q

Where can the body change the water concentration of the filtrate?

A

Collecting duct

83
Q

What is the diluting segment of a nephron?

A

Thick ascending tubule

84
Q

What part of the nephron is responsible for isosmotic reabsorption?

A

Descending limb

85
Q

True or false: there are receptors that directly control water balance, and adjust excretion accordingly

A

False

86
Q

Where is osmolality of the blood monitored?

A

Hypothalamus

87
Q

Where is ADH synthesized?

A

Hypothalamus

88
Q

What are the changes that osmoreceptors experience that cause a change in ADH secretion?

A

Swelling/shrinkage

Physiology (75 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions