Cerebral cortical function

Question 1

What is the Categorical hemisphere?

Answer 1

hemisphere for sequential-analytic processes, in humans this is the language hemisphere, usually left hemisphere

Question 2

What is the representational hemisphere?

Answer 2

hemisphere for visuospatial relations (the nondominant hemisphere for language), usually right hemisphere

Question 3

What are the brodmann areas for the posterior parietal cortex?

Answer 3

5 and 7

Question 4

What are the inputs and outputs of the posterior parietal cortex?

Answer 4

a. Interconnected with sensory and motor cortices.

b. Sends information to cerebellum via pontine nuclei.

Question 5

What determines which hemisphere is dominant?

Answer 5

Where language center is

Question 6

Contralateral neglect is often seen with what type of lesions?

Answer 6

Hemispheric lesions

Question 7

What is personal neglect syndrome?

Answer 7

Deficit in self image of one side of the body

Question 8

Denial of half of the body is a part of them = ?

Answer 8

Verbal asomatognosia

Question 9

What is the function of the posterior parietal cortex?

Answer 9

Goal directed movements

Question 10

True or false: There are separate pathways to the premotor cortex from visual cortex via parietal lobe to control reaching for an object and grasping the object.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Damage to what part of the brain produces neglect syndrome? Why?

Answer 11

Posterior parietal lobe–has attention sensitive neurons

Question 12

What is spatial neglect?

Answer 12

• sensory neglect of extra personal space on one side

* problem copying left side of drawing

Question 13

What is representational neglect?

Answer 13

Neglect of one half of a remembered image

Question 14

What is asomatognosia?

Answer 14

when patient has lack of awareness of the condition of all or part of his body

Question 15

What is verbal asomatognosia?

Answer 15

when patient verbally denies for example that his arm belongs to him

Question 16

What is Astereognosis?

Answer 16

inability to identify objects by feeling them

Question 17

What can cause astereognosis?

Answer 17

lesions in somatosensory cortices in parietal lobe

Question 18

What is agnosia?

Answer 18

general term for the inability to recognize objects by a particular sensory modality even though sensory modality itself is intact.

Question 19

What part of the left hemisphere is larger than the right?

Answer 19

Planum temporal

Question 20

What is the cortical area for stereognosis?

Answer 20

Secondary somatosensory

Question 21

What is the cortical area affected in visual agnosia?

Answer 21

Secondary visual

Question 22

What is the cortical area affected in auditory agnosia?

Answer 22

Secondary auditory

Question 23

What is the Wada test?

Answer 23

inject short acting barbiturate (e.g. Amobarbital) into internal carotid artery and look for transient aphasia

Question 24

True or false: the planum temporale is the same size on both sides in infants, since they have no learned language yet

Answer 24

False–born with it larger

Question 25

What is the non-dominant hemisphere responsible for?

Answer 25

spatial abilities, the comprehension of complicated patterns Control of affective components of language

Question 26

What part of language does the left hemisphere handle?

Answer 26

lexical and syntatic

Question 27

What part of language does the right hemisphere handle?

Answer 27

Emotional coloring of languages

Question 28

What are the BA numbers for Broca's area?

Answer 28

45 and 44

Question 29

What are the BA numbers for Wernicke's area?

Answer 29

22

Question 30

What are the fibers that connect Broca's and Wernicke's areas?

Answer 30

Arcuate fasciculus

Question 31

What causes Broca's aphasia?

Answer 31

lesions in Brodmann areas 44 and 45 in milder Broca’s area aphasia or deeper in true Broca's

Question 32

Nonfluent aphasia = ?

Answer 32

Broca's aphasia

Question 33

What are the symptoms of Broca's aphasia?

Answer 33

Patient has limited speech but it is slow and labored with nonessential words omitted (telegraphic speech)

Question 34

Can Broca's aphasia pts comprehend words?

Answer 34

Only single words and grammatically simple sentences.

Question 35

Can Broca's pts repeat words said to them?

Answer 35

No

Question 36

True or false: Broca's pts area aware of their deficits

Answer 36

True

Question 37

What causes Wernicke's aphasia?

Answer 37

Lesions in Brodmann area 22 in the posterior temporal gyrus

Question 38

What are the symptoms of Wernicke's aphasia?

Answer 38

cannot understand either spoken or written language but they display fluent paraphasic speech. Speech sometimes called word salad

Question 39

What is paraphasis? What syndrome is this seen in?

Answer 39

patient may use an incorrect but similar sounding word. Seen in Wernicke's

Question 40

Are pts with Wernicke's aphasia aware of their condition?

Answer 40

Somewhat

Question 41

What is conduction aphasia? What causes it?

Answer 41

interruption of the connections between Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas. Damage is to complex connection system not just the arcuate fasciculus.

Question 42

What are the symptoms of conduction aphasia? (2)

Answer 42

1. Comprehension can be normal for simple sentences and speech is fluent but patient uses many paraphasias. 2. Ability to repeat what is heard is lost.

Question 43

What are the symptoms of global aphasia?

Answer 43

Patients cannot produce understandable speech or comprehend spoken language or written language

Question 44

True or false: global aphasia pts cannot produce any words

Answer 44

False--May still have “automatic” speech such as stock expletives, and reciting days of the week or counting. Some patients can sing previously learned songs including melody and lyrics

Question 45

What is alexia?

Answer 45

a disruption in the ability to read

Question 46

True or false: Patient can have pure alexia without aphasia

Answer 46

True

Question 47

What causes Alexia?

Answer 47

Probably caused by a disconnection between the visual and language systems

Question 48

What causes agraphia?

Answer 48

May be combined with alexia but these disorders can appear separately from each other and from aphasia.

Question 49

American sign language depends on which hemisphere?

Answer 49

Left

Question 50

Which aphasia has disordered syntax, grammar and structure of individual words?

Answer 50

Broca's

Question 51

Which aphasia has a tendency to perseverate?

Answer 51

Broca's

Question 52

Which aphasia has Halting speech? FLuent?

Answer 52

``` Halting = Brocas Fluent = Wernicke's ```

Question 53

What is productive aphasia?

Answer 53

Broca's aphasia

Question 54

Expressing and recognizing emotion in speech is associated with which hemisphere?

Answer 54

Right

Question 55

What is aprosodia? Which hemisphere is lesioned to produce this?

Answer 55

loss of emotional expression in their speech. --right

Question 56

Patients with right hemisphere lesions can have aprosodia. What are the symptoms of this? (2)

Answer 56

a. patient’s own speech might show inappropriate intonation. | b. patient has problems interpreting the emotional tone of others speech.

Question 57

Patients with right hemisphere lesions can have difficulty comprehending meaning when?

Answer 57

when full understanding requires relationships among sentences rather than each sentence understood in isolation

Question 58

What are the symptoms with dorsolateral prefrontal area damage?

Answer 58

Patients have trouble with executive functions; planning, choosing goals, monitoring the execution of a plan.

Question 59

What are the symptoms with orbitofrontal area damage?

Answer 59

Patients have disinhibition; they ignore social conventions, are impulsive and unconcerned about consequences.

Question 60

What are the symptoms with medial frontal (anterior cingulate) area damage?

Answer 60

Patients display apathy and slowing of cognition. This apathy can cause abulia or even akinetic mutism.

Question 61

What is abulla?

Answer 61

the loss or impairment of the ability to perform voluntary actions and make decisions

Question 62

What is Akinetic mutism?

Answer 62

patient does not move or speak even though they are awake.

Question 63

What are the symptoms of prefrontal syndrome?

Answer 63

Loss of responsibility Planning deficits Perseveration

Question 64

What are frontal release signs?

Answer 64

release of “primitive” reflexes examples-suckling reflex, grasp reflex