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Physiology > Cerebral cortical function > Flashcards

Cerebral cortical function Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Categorical hemisphere?

A

hemisphere for sequential-analytic processes, in humans this is the language hemisphere, usually left hemisphere

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2
Q

What is the representational hemisphere?

A

hemisphere for visuospatial relations (the nondominant hemisphere for language), usually right hemisphere

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3
Q

What are the brodmann areas for the posterior parietal cortex?

A

5 and 7

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4
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of the posterior parietal cortex?

A

a. Interconnected with sensory and motor cortices.

b. Sends information to cerebellum via pontine nuclei.

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5
Q

What determines which hemisphere is dominant?

A

Where language center is

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6
Q

Contralateral neglect is often seen with what type of lesions?

A

Hemispheric lesions

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7
Q

What is personal neglect syndrome?

A

Deficit in self image of one side of the body

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8
Q

Denial of half of the body is a part of them = ?

A

Verbal asomatognosia

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9
Q

What is the function of the posterior parietal cortex?

A

Goal directed movements

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10
Q

True or false: There are separate pathways to the premotor cortex from visual cortex via parietal lobe to control reaching for an object and grasping the object.

A

True

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11
Q

Damage to what part of the brain produces neglect syndrome? Why?

A

Posterior parietal lobe–has attention sensitive neurons

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12
Q

What is spatial neglect?

A
  • sensory neglect of extra personal space on one side

* problem copying left side of drawing

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13
Q

What is representational neglect?

A

Neglect of one half of a remembered image

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14
Q

What is asomatognosia?

A

when patient has lack of awareness of the condition of all or part of his body

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15
Q

What is verbal asomatognosia?

A

when patient verbally denies for example that his arm belongs to him

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16
Q

What is Astereognosis?

A

inability to identify objects by feeling them

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17
Q

What can cause astereognosis?

A

lesions in somatosensory cortices in parietal lobe

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18
Q

What is agnosia?

A

general term for the inability to recognize objects by a particular sensory modality even though sensory modality itself is intact.

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19
Q

What part of the left hemisphere is larger than the right?

A

Planum temporal

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20
Q

What is the cortical area for stereognosis?

A

Secondary somatosensory

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21
Q

What is the cortical area affected in visual agnosia?

A

Secondary visual

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22
Q

What is the cortical area affected in auditory agnosia?

A

Secondary auditory

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23
Q

What is the Wada test?

A

inject short acting barbiturate (e.g. Amobarbital) into internal carotid artery and look for transient aphasia

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24
Q

True or false: the planum temporale is the same size on both sides in infants, since they have no learned language yet

A

False–born with it larger

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25
Q

What is the non-dominant hemisphere responsible for?

A

spatial abilities, the comprehension of complicated patterns

Control of affective components of language

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26
Q

What part of language does the left hemisphere handle?

A

lexical and syntatic

27
Q

What part of language does the right hemisphere handle?

A

Emotional coloring of languages

28
Q

What are the BA numbers for Broca’s area?

A

45 and 44

29
Q

What are the BA numbers for Wernicke’s area?

A

22

30
Q

What are the fibers that connect Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas?

A

Arcuate fasciculus

31
Q

What causes Broca’s aphasia?

A

lesions in Brodmann areas 44 and 45 in milder Broca’s area aphasia or deeper in true Broca’s

32
Q

Nonfluent aphasia = ?

A

Broca’s aphasia

33
Q

What are the symptoms of Broca’s aphasia?

A

Patient has limited speech but it is slow and labored with nonessential words omitted (telegraphic speech)

34
Q

Can Broca’s aphasia pts comprehend words?

A

Only single words and grammatically simple sentences.

35
Q

Can Broca’s pts repeat words said to them?

A

No

36
Q

True or false: Broca’s pts area aware of their deficits

A

True

37
Q

What causes Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

Lesions in Brodmann area 22 in the posterior temporal gyrus

38
Q

What are the symptoms of Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

cannot understand either spoken or written language but they display fluent paraphasic speech. Speech sometimes called word salad

39
Q

What is paraphasis? What syndrome is this seen in?

A

patient may use an incorrect but similar sounding word.

Seen in Wernicke’s

40
Q

Are pts with Wernicke’s aphasia aware of their condition?

A

Somewhat

41
Q

What is conduction aphasia? What causes it?

A

interruption of the connections between Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas. Damage is to complex connection system not just the arcuate fasciculus.

42
Q

What are the symptoms of conduction aphasia? (2)

A
  1. Comprehension can be normal for simple sentences and speech is fluent but patient uses many paraphasias.
  2. Ability to repeat what is heard is lost.
43
Q

What are the symptoms of global aphasia?

A

Patients cannot produce understandable speech or comprehend spoken language or written language

44
Q

True or false: global aphasia pts cannot produce any words

A

False–May still have “automatic” speech such as stock expletives, and reciting days of the week or counting. Some patients can sing previously learned songs including melody and lyrics

45
Q

What is alexia?

A

a disruption in the ability to read

46
Q

True or false: Patient can have pure alexia without aphasia

A

True

47
Q

What causes Alexia?

A

Probably caused by a disconnection between the visual and language systems

48
Q

What causes agraphia?

A

May be combined with alexia but these disorders can appear separately from each other and from aphasia.

49
Q

American sign language depends on which hemisphere?

A

Left

50
Q

Which aphasia has disordered syntax, grammar and structure of individual words?

A

Broca’s

51
Q

Which aphasia has a tendency to perseverate?

A

Broca’s

52
Q

Which aphasia has Halting speech? FLuent?

A 
Halting = Brocas
Fluent = Wernicke's
53
Q

What is productive aphasia?

A

Broca’s aphasia

54
Q

Expressing and recognizing emotion in speech is associated with which hemisphere?

A

Right

55
Q

What is aprosodia? Which hemisphere is lesioned to produce this?

A

loss of emotional expression in their speech. –right

56
Q

Patients with right hemisphere lesions can have aprosodia. What are the symptoms of this? (2)

A

a. patient’s own speech might show inappropriate intonation.

b. patient has problems interpreting the emotional tone of others speech.

57
Q

Patients with right hemisphere lesions can have difficulty comprehending meaning when?

A

when full understanding requires relationships among sentences rather than each sentence understood in isolation

58
Q

What are the symptoms with dorsolateral prefrontal area damage?

A

Patients have trouble with executive functions; planning, choosing goals, monitoring the execution of a plan.

59
Q

What are the symptoms with orbitofrontal area damage?

A

Patients have disinhibition; they ignore social conventions, are impulsive and unconcerned about consequences.

60
Q

What are the symptoms with medial frontal (anterior cingulate) area damage?

A

Patients display apathy and slowing of cognition. This apathy can cause abulia or even akinetic mutism.

61
Q

What is abulla?

A

the loss or impairment of the ability to perform voluntary actions and make decisions

62
Q

What is Akinetic mutism?

A

patient does not move or speak even though they are awake.

63
Q

What are the symptoms of prefrontal syndrome?

A

Loss of responsibility
Planning deficits
Perseveration

64
Q

What are frontal release signs?

A

release of “primitive” reflexes examples-suckling reflex, grasp reflex

Physiology (75 decks)

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