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Physiology > Special Senses II > Flashcards

Special Senses II Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the lens?

A

Accomodation

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2
Q

What flattens the lens?

A

Suspensory ligaments (ciliary muscle relaxes)

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3
Q

Lens flattening = near or far vision?

A

Far

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4
Q

Ciliary muscle contraction does what to the lens? What is the for?

A

Lens assume a more spherical shape

–near vision

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5
Q

The ciliary muscle of the eye contracts in response to what type of stimulation?

A

Parasympathetic

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6
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

Near point of vision recedes

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7
Q

True or false: the optic tract is part of the PNS, and is myelinated by schwann cells

A

False– part of the CNS, myelinated by oligodendrocytes

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8
Q

Round lens = contracted or not ciliary muscle?

A

Contracted

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9
Q

What are the three processes that occur while looking at a near object?

A
  • Accommodation
  • Convergence of visual axes
  • Pupils constrict
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10
Q

What are the cells in the RPE that spread out horizontally?

A

Horizontal cells

Amacrine cells

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11
Q

What is a scotoma?

A

Visual field defect

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12
Q

Where are the rods and cones in the RPE?

A

In the back

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13
Q

What are the cells the the rod/cones connects to?

A

Bipolar cell, then

Ganglion cell

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14
Q

Do we regenerate rods?

A

No, but we renew them

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15
Q

What are the cells that are involved in scotopic vision (rods or cones)?

A

Rods

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16
Q

What are the cells that are involved in phototopic vision (rods or cones)?

A

Cones

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17
Q

What is the function of Vit A?

A

Part of the rod pigment rhodopsin

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18
Q

What is the only cell in the retina, beside rods and cones, that can sense light? What pigment do these cells contain? Purpose?

A

intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells contain melanopsin; seem to measure overall light intensity

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19
Q

What is the MOA of retinal detachment?

A

Vitreous seeps behind the retina, causing suffocation of the RPE.

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20
Q

Does the optic disk have photoreceptors? How about the fovea?

A

Fovea= yes, duh

Optic disk = no

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21
Q

Why is the foveola an avascular zone?

A

You can’t see through blood vessels

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22
Q

Where is the maximum number of rods?

A

Parafoveally

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23
Q

What is meant by the term meso topic?

A

Using both rods and cones

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24
Q

How many types of pigments are there in cones?

A

3

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25
Q

What is the symptom of Vit A deficiency?

A

Night blindness

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26
Q

What happens in the dark to rods and cones?

A

Na and Ca channels are held open by cGMP, to depolarize by constantly leaking K

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27
Q

What happens in the light to rods and cones? (3)

A
  • Na+ / Ca++ channels close
  • photoreceptor hyperpolarizes as K+ leaves cell
  • decrease in release of neurotransmitters
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28
Q

Photoreceptors hyperpolarize or depolarize to light?

A

Hyper polarize

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29
Q

What is the molecular change that occurs with rod bleaching? How does it get back?

A

11-cis retinal goes to all trans retinal

Chaperones bring it back to cis

30
Q

Why is the eye affected in MS?

A

Oligodendrocytes; not schwann cells

31
Q

The retina is form by evagination of what part of the embryological brain?

A

Diencephalon

32
Q

The axons of what cells make up the optic nerve and tract?

A

Ganglion cells

33
Q

Do rods, bipolar cells, or ganglion cells have action potentials?

A

Only ganglion cells

34
Q

What happens to neurotransmitter release from rods as they are exposed to light?

A

Less is released

35
Q

Why do off-center ganglion cells fire less than on-center ones?

A

To give better contrast

36
Q

Where does processing of light information first occur?

A

In the retina (contrast bit)

37
Q

Why do you not need action potentials in the retina?

A

Distances are so short

38
Q

Processing of information makes use of what type of potentials -

A

Graded (receptor and synaptic)

39
Q

What is the neurotransmitter released by photoreceptors?

A

Glutamate

40
Q

What is a receptive field in the visual system?

A

the area of retina from which the neuron can be influenced.

41
Q

What are the places that the optic tract ends up in?

A

Hypothalamus
LGN
Superior colliculus

42
Q

What is the nucleus involved in the pupillary light reflex? What are the CNs involved?

A

CN II–EWN(x2)–CN III

43
Q

Review the pathways of CN II as per neuroanatomy, if you do not recall them!

A

LGN

44
Q

The top part of the visual field is processed in which part of the occipital cortex?

A

Inferior

45
Q

The lower part of the visual field is processed in which part of the occipital cortex?

A

Superior

46
Q

Where are Meyer’s loop found?

A

From LGN, sweeps through the temporal lobe, to the calcarine suclus

47
Q

Look at slide 38 and make some notecards offa that.

A

Should be review anyways

48
Q

Lesion of Meyer’s loop = ?

A

superior – quadrant anopsia contralateral to lesion of

Meyer’s loop

49
Q

Inflammation of the optic disk can produce what type of opia?

A

Central Scotoma

50
Q

What parts of the eye register movement vs visual acuity and color perception?

A

Different ganglion cells

51
Q

What are the two main visual pathways from the striate cortex to higher order visual areas?

A

Dorsal stream

Ventral stream

52
Q

What is the function of the dorsal stream?

A

analysis of motion and relative positions of objects in visual scene

53
Q

What is the function of the ventral stream?

A

high-level form vision and object recognition

54
Q

What is the part of the brain that links all the hemi fields together?

A

Corpus callosum

55
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

Inability to identify faces

56
Q

What is cerebral akinetopsia?

A

Inability to see motion

57
Q

Which cone type sense short wavelengths (red, green, or blue)?

A

Blue

58
Q

Which cone type sense middle wavelengths (red, green, or blue)?

A

Green

59
Q

Which cone type sense long wavelengths (red, green, or blue)?

A

Red

60
Q

True or false: you can differentiate colors based on input from a single cone

A

False–

61
Q

What causes red-green color blindness?

A

Loss of either red or green cones

62
Q

What happens if you are missing both red and green cones?

A

Color blindness

63
Q

What is Monochromatopsia?

A

have either one cone or no cones.

64
Q

What are the charts that test for color blindness?

A

Ishihara charts

65
Q

Genes for the red and green cones pigments are on what chromosome?

A

X

66
Q

What chromosome is the blue cone on?

A

7

67
Q

Rhodopsin gene is on which chromosome?

A

3

68
Q

What are the monocular depth cues?

A

How big the image on the retina is

69
Q

What is sensory fusion?

A

fixate both eyes on one point so that left and right images fall on corresponding positions in the two retinas

70
Q

What causes strabismus?

A

Failure of the eyes to fixate on the same point

71
Q

What is amblyopia?

A

Suppression of vision from the strabismus eye causing loss of vision

Physiology (75 decks)

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