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Physiology > Control of Breathing > Flashcards

Control of Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

Spontaneous respiration is produced by what?

A

Rhythmic discharge or motor neurons that innervate the respiratory muscles

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2
Q

How are the pons regulated (through what changes)?

A

Alterations in PO2, PCO2, and H+ [c]

nonchemical influences

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3
Q

Where are the autonomic breathing centers of the brain? Where do these places send impulses to?

A

Pons and medulla, send impulses to respiratory motor neurons

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4
Q

Where are the voluntary breathing centers of the brain? Where do these send signals to?

A

Cerebral cortex sends signals to the respiratory motor neurons in the spinal cords

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5
Q

How are the motor neurons to the expiratory muscles and inspiratory muscle regulated?

A

The motor neurons to the expiratory muscles are inhibited when those supplying the inspiratory muscles are active, and v.v.

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6
Q

Changes in PCO2, PO2, and pH directly stimulate what area?

A

The peripheral chemoreceptors

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7
Q

What is the most important chemoreceptors for respiration?

A

arterial PCO2 receptors

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8
Q

How does arterial PCO2 receptor firing change relative to ventilation?

A

Inversely

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9
Q

Which has a stronger effect on respiration: pH changes or pCO2 changes?

A

PCO2 changes

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10
Q

Can peripheral receptors for PO2 act indepently of PCO2 receptors?

A

Yes

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11
Q

What is the most sensitive range of PO2 in mmHg (the steepest pat of the graph)?

A

60-30 mmHg

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12
Q

How does H+ exert its effects on the stimulatory center?

A

Increased PCO2

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13
Q

Why doesn’t H+ directly affect the chemoreceptors in the brain?

A

Cannot pass the BBB very well

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14
Q

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located? What are they mainly stimulated by?

A

Aortic arch
Carotid bodies

Mainly PO2 changes

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15
Q

The sensory bodies in the aortic arch and the carotid bodies respond mainly to what chemical change?

A

PO2

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16
Q

The chemosensitive areas of the CNS are sensitive to what?

A

PCO2 and [H+]

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17
Q

What are the three areas of the CNS that sense PCO2 and H+?

A

Rostral area
Intermediate area
Caudal area

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18
Q

What are the two nerves that transmit the signals from the peripheral chemoreceptors to the CNS?

A

CN X and IX

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19
Q

Where do the vagus and CN IX send their signals to in the CNS (i.e what is the integration center in the brain for chemoreceptors)?

A

NTS

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20
Q

What are the pre-Botzinger complexes responsible for? Where are these located?

A

The rhythmic respiration

On either side of the medulla

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21
Q

After the peripheral chemoreceptors sense changes in PCO2, PO2, or pH, what happens? Where/through what nerves are signals sent?

A

Signals sent to the NTS via CN X and IX

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22
Q

What is the integrating center of the brain for chemoreceptor signals? What happens after signals are sent to this?

A

NTS

Relays signal to the central pattern generator

23
Q

What are the central chemoreceptors stimulated by? What effect does this cause?

A

PCO2, sends signals to the central pattern generator

24
Q

Where do signals that are sent to the pattern generator go?

A

Spinal cord, to the muscles of respiration

25
Q

Where does the higher CNS system overtake the autonomic respiratory center?

A

At the spinal cord

26
Q

What part of the breathing innervation pathway do the central and peripheral respiratory receptors have in common?

A

Central pattern generator

27
Q

Which nerves in the spinal cord are utilized to send respiratory signals?

A

CN VII, IX, X, XI, XII

28
Q

Through what chemoreceptors do PO2 and pH exert their effects?

A

Peripheral only

29
Q

How do the rates of stimulation compare between the central and peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

The stimulation by way of the peripheral chemoreceptors occurs as much as five times as rapidly as central stimulation

30
Q

True or false: changes in arterial H+ directly act on

central chemoreceptors

A

False-

Rather, in the chemosensitive
area, CO2 diffuse in through the blood brain barrier and is
converted locally to H+ via formation and dissociation of
carbonic acid

31
Q

True or false: O2 does not have a direct effect on the respiratory center

A

True

32
Q

True or false: the carotid bodies measure the arterial blood directly in the carotid artery

A

False - Each of the chemoreceptor bodies receives its own special blood supply through a minute artery
directly from the adjacent arterial trunk

33
Q

How do the carotid bodies only receive arterial/oxygenated blood?

A

blood flow through these bodies is extreme, 20
times the weight of the bodies themselves each minute. Therefore, the percentage of O2 removed
from the flowing blood is virtually zero.

34
Q

The respiratory center is located bilaterally in the medulla oblongata and pons of the
brain stem. It is divided into four major collections of neurons. What are their names?

A
  1. The pre-Bötzinger complex
  2. The dorsal
    respiratory group
  3. The ventral respiratory group
  4. The pneumotaxic respiratory group.
35
Q

What is the function of the NTS?

A

Relay and integrate signals from the peripheral chemoreceptors to the respiratory centers of the brain

36
Q

What is the function of the Pre-Bötzinger Complex?

A

produce rhythmic discharges

37
Q

What is the function of the dorsal respiratory group?

A

sends out repetitive bursts of inspiratory
neuronal action potentials (inspiratory ramp
signals

  • main role in controlling inspiration
38
Q

What is the function of the pneumotaxic center/

A

controls the “switch-off” point of the

inspiratory ramp thereby controlling rate & depth of breathing

39
Q

What is the function of the ventral respiratory group?

A

Contributes to both inspiration and expiration – especially important in providing the powerful expiratory signals to the abdominal muscles during very heavy expiration.

totally inactive during normal quiet respiration

40
Q

Normally, the ventral respiratory group is totally inactive. What activates it?

A

When the respiratory drive for increased pulmonary ventilation becomes greater than normal,
respiratory signals spill over into the VRG (DRG  VRG)

41
Q

What is the “pacemaker” of respiration?

A

The Pre-Bötzinger Complex

42
Q

Which part of the brain controls that inspiratory ramp signal?

A

The DRG (dorsal respiratory group)

43
Q

Which part of the brain sends signals to the DRG to “switch off” the ramp signal produced by the DRG?

A

the pneumotaxic center

44
Q

Which part of the brain is usually inactive, but becomes activated when signals spill over from the DRG, and acts to provide additional signals to the abdominal muscles?

A

VRG (ventral respiratory group)

45
Q

What is the relationship between ventilation and oxygen consumption during exercise?

A

Both increase in a linear fashion

46
Q

What causes the increase in breathing during exercise?

A

The brain, not the autonomic breathing centers

47
Q

Where are irritant receptors located in the body?

A

Epithelium of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles

48
Q

What are the “J receptors”? What area do they face? Activation of these produces what?

A

Sensory nerve endings in the alveolar walls that face the interstitium, and are sensitive to edema.

These gives the SOB sensation

49
Q

What is the effect on brain edema on the respiratory center? What is the treatment for this?

A

Depressed or inactivated

Hypertonic solutions can relieve this effect quickly

50
Q

What reflex are the stretch receptors in the bronchi and bronchioles responsible for? What is this reflex?

A

The Hering-Breuer inflation reflex

Activation of receptors leads to “switch off” of the DRG to stop further inspiration

51
Q

When is the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex activated?

A

When Vt >3x normal

52
Q

What is Kussmaul’s breathing? When is it seen?

A

Rapid, deep and labored breathing, seen in acidosis

53
Q

What is Cheyne-Stokes breathing? When is it seen?

A

Intermittent periods of apnea, followed by slowly increased Vt, then decreased Vt until back to apnea

This is seen in stroke, encephalopathies, heart failure

54
Q

What is Biot’s breathing? When is it seen?

A

Groups of quick, shallow inspirations, followed by regular or irregular period of apnea

Seen in medullary trauma, stroke

Physiology (75 decks)

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