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1
Q

What are the two components of the nervous system?

A

CNS and PNS

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2
Q

The somatic and autonomic nervous system are a part of which division of the nervous system (CNS or PNS)?

A

PNS

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3
Q

The final common pathway linking the central nervous

system to skeletal muscles is what?

A

Alpha motor neurons

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4
Q

Efferent axons in the somatic nervous system synapse where?

A

on effector cells

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5
Q

What are the final common pathways from the CNS to peripheral target organs?

A

Sympa and parasymp neurons

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6
Q

Does the somatic system have ganglia?

A

no

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7
Q

Do the sympatheic and parasymp nerves have ganglia?

A

yes

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8
Q

How do presynaptic sympathetic neurons compare to postsynaptic side?

A

Short preganglionic

Long post

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9
Q

Parasympathetic ganglia cells are clustered where?

A

within walls of visceral organs

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10
Q

How do presynaptic PARAsympathetic neurons compare to postsynaptic side?

A

Long preganglionic

Short postganglionic

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11
Q

Why is the adrenal gland a special case of innervation?

A

No post synaptic–just hormones released into the blood

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12
Q

What are the two different types of stimuli that the ANS can have?

A

Excite or inhibit

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13
Q

The somatic α motor neurons are (BLANK) in diameter and therefore allow (BLANK) conduction

A

The somatic α motor neurons are larger in diameter and therefore allow faster conduction

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14
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the sympathetic division located?

A

In the intermediolateral columns of the spinal cord, in the thoraco-lumbar section

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15
Q

What are the spinal levels of the sympathetic division?

A

T1-L3/4

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16
Q

Axons for the preganglionic symp neurons exit the spinal cord and enter what structure?

A

White rami communicates

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17
Q

Are most preganglionic symp neurons myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

Myelinated

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18
Q

What are the three routes that sympathetic nerves take after leaving the spinal cord?

A
  1. To symp chain, where they synapse
  2. Through chain, and synapse in specialized ganglia
  3. Straight to organ (e.g. adrenal medulla)
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19
Q

What are the two regions of the parasympathetic division?

A
  1. Cranial outflow

2. Sacral outflow

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20
Q

Where parasympathetic nerves from the cranial division synapse?

A

Near the organ they innervate

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21
Q

Where parasympathetic nerves from the sacral division synapse?

A

in a

group of scattered pelvic ganglia

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22
Q

True or false: The pelvic ganglia carry both sympathetic and

parasympathetic fibers

A

True

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23
Q

What are the two division of the enteric nervous system? Where are they located?

A

Myenteric (between muscular layers of gut tube)

Submucosal layer (beneath circular muscularis mucosae)

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24
Q

What is the function of the myenteric plexus?

A

controls GI tract motiliy

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25
Q

What is the function of the submucosal plexus?

A

ion and fluid transport

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26
Q

True or false: The ENS, cannot function without input from the sympathetic or parasympathetic division.

A

False, it can

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27
Q

What is the ANS?

A

The portion of the nervous system that controls most VISCERAL functions, and accommodates coordinated responses to external stimuli

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28
Q

True or false: the somatic and ANS are a part of the CNS

A

False, only the PNS

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29
Q

What are the three divisions of the ANS?

A

Symp
Parasymp
Enteric

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30
Q

What is the transmitter used in somatic nerves?

A

ACh

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31
Q

What is the neurotransmitter used in the parasymp division of the ANS?

A

Ach

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32
Q

What is the neurotransmitter used in the symp division of the ANS?

A

NE

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33
Q

What is the significance of the fact that ANS fibers branch out after they synapse?

A

Can have multiple symptoms in each area

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34
Q

True or false: the eyes and the heart are connected through their parasymp innervation

A

True

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35
Q

What is meant by the term dual innervation?

A

That msot organs receive innervation from both the symp and para, but that they are not antagonistic

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36
Q

What are the exceptions to the dual innervation rule, and receive only sympathetic innervation? (6)

A 
Hair follicles
Sweat glands
Liver
Adrenal glands
Kidneys
Blood vessles
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37
Q

What is the neurotransmitter that all somatic nerves release?

A

Ach

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38
Q

What is the neurotransmitter that all preganglionic nerves release?

A

Ach

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39
Q

Parasympathetic post-ganglionic fibers release what neurotransmitter?

A

Ach

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40
Q

Sympathetic post-ganglionic fibers release what types of neurotransmitters?

A

Epi/norepi

Dopamine

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41
Q

What is the neurotransmitter that the sympathetic division of the ANS that innervates sweat glands?

A

Ach

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42
Q

What division of the ANS releases neurotransmitters other that ACh?

A

postganglionic sympathetic

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43
Q

Why is the sweat gland’s inervation weird?

A

Its symp innervation, but uses Ach

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44
Q

Symp ASN to cardiac smooth muscle, gland cells, and nerve terminals use what type of neurotransmitter?

A

NE

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45
Q

Symp ASN to renal vasculature and smooth muscle use what type of neurotransmitter?

A

Dopa

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46
Q

All parasympathetic neurons use what type of neurotransmitter?

A

ACh

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47
Q

Somatic nerves use which neurotransmitter?

A

ACh

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48
Q

What are the five steps to cholinergic transmission?

A
  1. synthesis of neurotransmitter
  2. storage
  3. release
  4. Action
  5. Termination
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49
Q

How is acetylcholine synthesized? What is the pump and enzyme used?

A
  1. Choline brought into nerve by choline transporter (CHT)

2. Acetyl-coa + choline = ACh via choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)

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50
Q

What is the group of drugs that can inhibit choline transporters?

A

Hemicholinums

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51
Q

How is ACh stored?

A
  1. Vesicle associated transporter (VAT) stores ACh into vesicles
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52
Q

What is the class of drugs that inhibits the vesicle associated transporter (VAT) for ACh?

A

Vesamicol

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53
Q

What are the proteins that concentrate vesicles filled with Ach on the nerve terminal membrane?

A

VAMPs and SNAPs

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54
Q

What triggers the release of transmitter vesicles? What is the step that happens after that?

A

Influx of Ca, which binds to calmodulin, and interacts with the VAMP to trigger fusion

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55
Q

The acetylcholine vesicle release process is

blocked by botulinum toxin through what?

A

the enzymatic removal of two amino acids from one or more of

the fusion proteins

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56
Q

How is ACh’s action terminated?

A
  1. Degradation by Acetylcholine esterase

2. Reuptake by autoreceptors

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57
Q

What is the MOA of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors?

A

Increases [ACh]

58
Q

What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?

A

Muscarinic

Nicotinic

59
Q

What type of receptor is the muscarinic ACh receptors?

60
Q

What type of receptor is the nicotinic ACh receptors?

A

Ion gated channel

61
Q

What are the breakdow products of acetylcholinesterase?

A

Acetate and choline

62
Q

What are the five subtypes of the muscarinic receptors?

63
Q

What is the source of aqueous humor production in the eye?

A

Ciliary body epithelium

64
Q

What is the route of aqueous humor formation?

A

From ciliary body epithelium, through pupil, to the canal of Schlemm

65
Q

What is the muscarinic receptor located on the dilator (radial) muscle in the eye?

66
Q

What is the muscarinic receptor located on the sphincter muscle in the eye? If it is activated, what is the result?

A

M3, constriction

67
Q

What are the muscarinic receptors located on the ciliary muscle in the eye?

68
Q

What are the muscarinic receptors located on the ciliary epithelium in the eye? What is the effect if each one is activated?

A

Alpha 2, beta 1 and 2

Betas= production of aqueous humor

69
Q

What is the function of the radial muscle of the eye?

A

Dilate the eye

70
Q

If the M3 receptor on the ciliary muscle in the eye is activated, what is the effect on the muscle?

A

Contraction/nead accomodation

71
Q

If the beta2 receptor on the ciliary muscle in the eye is activated, what is the effect on the muscle

A

Relaxation/far accomodation

72
Q

What are the predominant muscarinic receptors in the heart? What is this responsive to? What are the protein that are downstream of this?

A

M2, which responds to ACh, and activates a Gi protein, which opens K channels

73
Q

What is the effect that M2 receptors have on the SA node of the heart?

A

Decrease heart rate

74
Q

What is the effect that M2 receptors have on the AV node of the heart?

A

Decrease conduction velocity

75
Q

What is the effect that M2 receptors have on the Atrial muscle of the heart?

A

Decreases atrial contraction

76
Q

What is the effect that M2 receptors have on the ventricular muscle of the heart?

A

Decrease ventricular contraction

77
Q

What are the predominant muscarinic receptors in the bronchi and bronchioles? What is their effect?

A

M3, contraction/brochospasm

78
Q

What are the predominant muscarinic receptors in the bronchiolar submucosal glands? What is their effect?

A

M3,

Secretion/narrow lumen

79
Q

To treat asthma patients, would you want to inhibit or activate the muscarinic receptors?

80
Q

What are the predominant muscarinic receptors in the stomach? What is their effect?

A

M3, motility

81
Q

What are the predominant muscarinic receptors in glands? What is their effect?

A

M1- secretion

82
Q

What are the predominant muscarinic receptors in the intestine? What is their effect?

A

M3 - diarrhea, involuntary defecation

83
Q

The bladder wall is richly supplied with parasympathetic cholinergic nerve endings and
has abundant postganglionic cell bodies. What is the muscarinic receptor located here? What does this cause? (3)

A

M3

  1. Contraction of the detrusor muscle
  2. Relaxing the trigone
  3. Inhibiting contraction of the sphincter

“all wet”

84
Q

What are the three different vascular smooth muscle cell innervation?

A

Directly innervated
Coupled
Indirectly coupled

85
Q

What are the two inputs to vascular cell muscle?

A

Nerves

Endothelial cell layer

86
Q

What are the muscarinic receptors located in vessels? Where are they located?

A

M3, located on the smooth muscle, and on the endothelial cell surface

87
Q

When the endothelium of a vessel is intact, activation of M3R on endothelial cells leads to the production of what? What does this cause?

A

endothelium-derived relaxing factors (EDRFs) = vasodilation

88
Q

When the endothelium is damaged, activation of M3R on vascular smooth
muscle causes what? How?

A

vasoconstriction d/t the unopposed EDRFs

89
Q

What is the MOA behind the muscarinic receptor in smooth muscle of the endothelium in vessels? (3)

A

Increase [Ca], binds to calmodulin, activates NOS = relaxation

90
Q

What are the neurotransmitters on the smooth muscle cell side of vessels that activate the alpha 1 and P2x receptors, and cause muscle contraction?

91
Q

What are the neurotransmitters on the smooth muscle cell side of vessels that activate the P2Y receptors, and cause muscle contraction?

92
Q

What are the neurotransmitters on the smooth muscle cell side of vessels that activate the CGRP receptors, and counteract muscle contraction?

93
Q

What are the neurotransmitters on the endothelial cell surface that activate EDRF/NO to produce a relaxing effect?

A

Histamine
Vasopressin
Angiotension II

94
Q

What happens if there is endothelial cell damage in vessels?

A

M3 receptor activates smooth muscle contraction

95
Q

What is the dominant muscarinic receptor in sphincters? What does this cause? What is the one exception to this?

A

M3, causes relaxation except the lower esophageal sphincter

96
Q

What is the dominant muscarinic receptor in glands? What does this cause?

A

M3, secretion

Salivation and lacrimation

97
Q

M1 and M3 protein receptors activate what G protein? What pathway does this activate?

A

Gq, phospholipase C.. increases PKC

98
Q

M2 protein receptors activate what G protein? What pathway does this activate?

A

Gi, inhibits adenylate cyclase… decreases PKA

99
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors located?

A

On all autonomic ganglia

100
Q

What is the nicotinic receptor in the adrenal medulla? What does this cause?

A

Nn, secretion of epi and norepi

101
Q

What is the nicotinic receptor in autonomic ganglia? What does this cause?

A

Nn–stimulation but end effect depends on receptors of organ

102
Q

What is the nicotinic receptor neuromuscular junctions? What does this cause?

A

Nm, causes stimulation

103
Q

Are the Nn and Nm receptor identical?

A

No, but closely related

104
Q

What is the precursor for catecholamines?

105
Q

What is the first step in the synthesis of catecholamines? Enzyme?

A

Conversion of tyrosine to DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase

106
Q

What is the chemical discussed in lecture that inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase (the first step in DOPA synthesis)?

A

Metyrosine

107
Q

What is the final product in most catecholamine synthesizing neurons?

108
Q

In dopaminergic neurons, catecholamine synthesis terminates with what?

109
Q

What is the enzyme that transports dopamine into vesicles?

A

Vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT)

110
Q

What is the drug that inhibits VMAT (the enzyme that transports dopamine into vesicles)?

111
Q

How does release of dopamine-containing vesicles take place?

A

Same as in ACh cholinergic endings (VAMPs binding to SNAPs)

112
Q

What is the only place in the body where norepi is converted into epi?

A

Adreanal medulla

113
Q

What is the rate limiting step in dopamine synthesis?

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase

114
Q

What is the food type that can increase tyramine synthesis, and thus cause an increase in norepi?

A

Fermented cheese

115
Q

What is the MOA for reserpine lowering BP?

A

Inhibits smooth muscle contraction

116
Q

What is the chemical that inhibits vesicle release in the catecholamine pathway?

117
Q

What are the fates of NE when it is in the synapse?

A
  1. Binding to receptor proteins
  2. Diffusion
  3. Reuptake by NE transporter (NET)
  4. Reuptake by autoreceptors
118
Q

What is the MOA of cocaine, and tricyclic antidepressants?

A

Blocks the NET, causing NE is stay in the synapse

119
Q

What is the MOA of MAOIs?

A

Inhibits the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which would normally degrade NE

120
Q

Why can MAOIs increase BP?

A

Increases NE, which may increase it in vascular signalling

121
Q

All adrenergic receptors are what?

A

G protein-coupled receptors.

122
Q

What are the three major MOA of adrenergic receptors?

A

Gs (increase adenylate cyclase)

Gi (decrease adenylate cyclase)

Gq (Increase phospholipase C)

123
Q

What is the G protein in adrenergic β(1 and 2) and α2 receptor activation?

124
Q

What is the G protein in adrenergic α2 receptor activation?

125
Q

What are the receptors that activate the Gq protein?

A

H1, alpha1, V1, M1, M3

126
Q

What are the receptors that activate the Gs protein?

A

Beta 1, beta 2, D1, H2, V2

127
Q

What are the receptors that activate the Gi protein?

A

M2, Alpha2, D2

128
Q

What are the receptors that activate the Nn and Nm proteins?

A

No second messenger–open Na channels

129
Q

What are the 7 places that alpha 1 receptors are? What is the effect?

A 
Eye (radial dialator muscle)
Arterioles (contract)
Veins (contract)
Bladder (urinary retention)
Penis
Liver (glycogenolysis)
Kidney (renin release)

For all, think symp

(Bleak VP)

130
Q

What are the 3 places that alpha 2 receptors are? What are their effects their?

A

Prejunctional nerve terminal (lower transmitter release)

Platelets (aggregation)

Pancreas (decrease insulin)

131
Q

What is the effect of alpha 1 receptor on the external bladder sphincter? Why do you pee your pants when afraid?

A

Contracts it.

Parasymp try to overtake symp

132
Q

What are the two locations of Beta 1 receptors?

A

heart and kidney

133
Q

What are the four areas of the heart that have beta 1 receptors? What does activation of each one do?

A

SA node (increase HR0

AV node (increase conduction velocity)

Atrial&vent muscle (increase)

His/purkinje (increase conduction velocity)

134
Q

Where are Beta 2 receptors located?

A 
Blood vessels
Uterus
Bronchioles
Skeletal muscle
Liver
Pancreas
135
Q

What is the effect of beta 2 receptors on blood vessels?

A

Vasodilation

136
Q

What is the effect of beta 2 receptors on blood the uterus?

A

Relaxation

137
Q

What is the effect of beta 2 receptors on bronchioles?

138
Q

What is the effect of beta 2 receptors on skeletal muscle and the liver?

A

Glycogenolysis

139
Q

What is the effect of beta 2 receptors on the pancreas?

A

Insulin secretion

140
Q

What are the three locations of Dopaminergic receptors? What is their function there?

A

Renal
Mesenteric
Coronary vasculature

(vasodilation for all, causes increase in GFR)

Physiology (75 decks)

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