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Physiology > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

What does an EEG record?

A

Wave of electrical activity from the pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex

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2
Q

Why are signals from an EEG averaged?

A

To reduce the noise of the brain and isolate the repeated signal

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3
Q

When are EEGs useful?

A

Evaluating MS

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4
Q

What are alpha waves associated with?

A

state of relaxed wakefulness in an adult with their eyes closed

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5
Q

Where in the brain are alpha waves more prominent?

A

occipital and parietal areas

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6
Q

When do alpha waves change to beta waves?

A

rhythm if eyes open or in response to other sensory stimuli. Mental concentration such as that required to do arithmetic problems will also cause a change to the beta rhythm.

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7
Q

Beta waves have a larger or smaller amplitude than alpha waves?

A

Smaller

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8
Q

desynchronized EEG = ?

A

Beta waves

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9
Q

Where are beta waves seen most prominently?

A

Frontal region

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10
Q

What are delta and theta waves associated with?

A

stages of sleep in an adult

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11
Q

What is the order of the speed of waves (alpha, beta, theta, delta)? What are the ranges of each?

A

Beta (13-30 hz)
Alpha (8-13 hz)
Theta (4-7)
Delta (0.5 - 3.5)

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12
Q

Why do we sleep?

A

increase interstitial space in the brain and contribute to the removal of potentially neurotoxic waste products

that sleep has a key role in promoting learning-dependent synapse formation

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13
Q

What type of waves are seen when you are awake with eyes open?

A

beta

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14
Q

What type of waves are seen when you are awake but relaxed with eyes shut?

A

alpha

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15
Q

What happens with sleep deprivation?

A

Increased eating

Lower weight

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16
Q

What happens during the awake to sleep transition?

A

Move from beta waves to alpha waves

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17
Q

How many stages of sleep are there?

A

4 + REM

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18
Q

What is stage 1 of sleep? What waves are seen here?

A

Transition from awake to asleep–theta waves prominent

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19
Q

What is stage 2 of sleep? What waves are seen here?

A

Light sleep K complexes and sleep spindles

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20
Q

What is stage 3 of sleep? What waves are seen here?

A

moderately deep sleep some delta waves (more than 20% less than 50%)

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21
Q

What is stage 4 of sleep? What waves are seen here?

A

deep sleep - delta waves more than 50% of period

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22
Q

Is there a definite transition from awake to sleep?

A

No

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23
Q

Sawtooth waves are indicative of what stage of sleep?

A

REM

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24
Q

Does the brain use more or less oxygen when in REM sleep?

A

Less

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25
Q

What happens to body temp and metabolic rate in REM?

A

Lowers

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26
Q

What happens to BP and HR in REM?

A

Lower

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27
Q

What happens to respiratory rate in REM?

A

Lower

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28
Q

What happens to the muscles in REM sleep?

A

Muscles relaxed but major postural adjustments made about every 20 minutes.

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29
Q

Threshold for arousal increases as EEG wave frequency does what?

A

Decreases (So it is harder to arouse sleeper in Stage 4 sleep than Stage 1.)

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30
Q

What hormone is released during sleep?

A

GH–more than 70% of GH released during the first half (mainly slow wave sleep) of a person’s nightly sleep.

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31
Q

Why is REM sleep called paradoxical sleep?

A

since EEG similar to awake EEG.

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32
Q

What are PGO spikes? What are these spikes associated with?

A

(pontine - geniculate - occipital) associated with bursts of eye movements

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33
Q

What happens to the heart and respiration in REM sleep (besides slowing)?

A

Irregularity

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34
Q

What are the two muscles that do not have decreased muscle tone in REM sleep?

A

Eyes

Respiratory muscles

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35
Q

How long does REM takes to get to?

A

90ish minutes

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36
Q

What are REM dreams like compared to non-REM dreams?

A

longer, more visual/emotional

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37
Q

RED rebound is suppressed by what type of drugs?

A

EtOH

Barbiturates

38
Q

What happens during sleep for teenage females that cause them to enter puberty?

A

GH bursts

39
Q

When does stage four of sleep primarily appear?

A

first half

40
Q

What neurons control REM sleep (2)? What do these neurons do?

A

Pontine neurons–excite spinal glycinergic neurons in the medulla which inhibit alpha neurons

41
Q

What is the neurotransmitter release in the pons that excite medullary neurons, which in turn inhibit alpha motor neurons during sleep? What is the neurotransmitter for the medullary neurons?

A

Glutamate

Glycine

42
Q

True or false: the human wake cycle is close to 24 hours, and there is little to no variation in the amount of sleep required per individuals

A

False–the 24 hours cycle thing it true, but the amount of sleep can vary between individuals

43
Q

What is the photopigment in retinal cells that project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

Melanopsin

44
Q

What controls melatonin synthesis in the pineal gland?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

45
Q

True or false: you should not have a REM episode in the first 60 minutes of sleep

A

True

46
Q

What is the amount of sleep a newborn usually gets? Age 3-5?

A

16-18 in newborns

10-12 in toddlers

47
Q

What percent of newborn sleep is REM sleep?

A

50%

48
Q

How much REM sleep do newborns get?

A

8 hours (of the total 16-18 hours they get)

49
Q

What is the correlation between cortisol and sleep?

A

Peaks in the AM after sleep, declines

50
Q

What are the cells in the eyes that are responsible for the sleep-wake cycle?

A

Retinal ganglion cells

51
Q

What is the pathway of control for the pineal gland from the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus
IMLs
Superior cervical ganglion
Pineal gland

52
Q

What happens to melatonin synthesis as light decreases?

A

Increases

53
Q

What is the function of the cholinergic neurons in the pontomedullary junction?

A

These neurons fire at high rates during waking and REM sleep but are quiet during non-REM sleep.

54
Q

What is the neurotransmitter utilized in the locus coeruleus in the sleep-wake cycle?

A

Norepi

55
Q

What is the neurotransmitter utilized in the pontine raphe nucleus in the sleep-wake cycle?

A

Serotonin

56
Q

What are the three nuclei that keep us awake?

A

Cholinergic nuclei
Locus Coeruleus
Raphe nuclei

57
Q

What are the neurons that stimulate the brain stem nuclei to keep us awake? What other structure in the brain do these neurons stimulate?

A

Orexin neurons–also stimulate the tuberomammillary nucleus

58
Q

What is the nucleus in the brain that inhibits the brainstem nuclei that keep us awake? What other structure does this inhibit?

A

VPLO–tuberomammillary nucleus

59
Q

What is the MOA by which antihistamines cause drowsiness?

A

Block the stimulatory action of the Orexin neurons

60
Q

What is the only neurotransmitter that is active in sleep? What part of sleep? Where does this neurotransmitter come from?

A

Acetylcholine in REM sleep

comes from the cholinergic nuclei of the pons

61
Q

What is insomnia?

A

Disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep during normal sleeping periods.

62
Q

What are parasomnias?

A

Disorders of the sleep cycle and other non-sleep dysfunctions associated with sleep

63
Q

What nocturnal enuresis?

A

Bed wetting

64
Q

What is somnambulism?

A

Sleep walking

65
Q

What is the difference between sleep terrors and nightmares?

A

sleep terrors: occur during non-REM sleep, different from nightmares which are bad dreams in REM sleep

66
Q

How long are sleep apnea pauses?

A

at least 10 seconds

67
Q

What is REM sleep behavior disorder?

A

REM sleep without atonia or hypotonia

68
Q

What are the three types of sleep apnea?

A

a. central sleep apnea
b. obstructive sleep apnea
c. mixed apnea

69
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A

sleep attack associated with several REM like symptoms

70
Q

What is cataplexy?

A

Abrupt attack of muscle weakness and hypotonia often triggered by an emotional stimulus

71
Q

What is sleep paralysis?

A

Waking up paralyzed–symptom of narcolepsy

72
Q

What are Hypnagogic hallucinations? What disease is this seen in?

A

hallucinations at transitions between wakefulness and sleep

Narcolepsy

73
Q

Sleep onset REM is a symptom of what disease?

A

Narcolepsy

74
Q

What is the decreased voluntary sleep latency seen in narcolepsy?

A

fall asleep faster

75
Q

What is the cause of narcolepsy?

A

reduction or absence of hypothalamic cells that produce and secrete orexin (hypocretin)

d/t autoimmune disease

76
Q

What is epilepsy?

A

repeated seizures

77
Q

What are the two types of seizures?

A

a. generalized seizure vs. partial (localized or focal) seizure
b. primarily generalized vs. secondary generalized

78
Q

What is primarily a generalized seizure?

A

One that starts everywhere at once?

79
Q

What is a secondary generalized seizure?

A

One that started locally and spread

80
Q

What is generalized epilepsy?

A

Bilaterally symmetrical and without localized onset

81
Q

What are tonic-clonic (grand-mal) seizures?

A

LOC + tonic period of increased muscle tone followed by clonic period consisting of jerky movements

82
Q

What are postictal states?

A

period of confusion following the seizure that usually last ~ 5 to 30 minutes

83
Q

What is status epilepticus?

A

Continued seizure without pause between–this is a medical emergency

84
Q

What are absence (petit mal) seizures?

A

Transient LOC for >5 seconds w/o loss of muscle tone

85
Q

What is the EEG pattern for absence seizures?

A

3 per second spike and dome (or spike and wave) pattern seen on EEG during seizure

86
Q

Is there a postictal state with absence seizures?

A

No

87
Q

What are simple partial seizures?

A

Seizures localized to one area of the brain that do not affect general consciousness

88
Q

What are complex partial seizures?

A

Focal seizures that result in LOC

89
Q

What are jacksonian motor seizures?

A

Seizures in the motor cortex

90
Q

Where are complex seizures usually seen?

A

temporal or frontal lobes

91
Q

What are the symptoms of complex partial seizures?

A

LOC

Verbal and/or motor automatisms can occur

Physiology (75 decks)

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