Learning and Memory

Question 1

What are the two divisions of learning?

Answer 1

Associative learning

Non-associative learning

Question 2

What is associative learning?

Answer 2

Passive

Operant: (positive or neg reinforcement)

Question 3

What are the two types of non-associative learning?

Answer 3

• Simple (habituation)

- complex (imprinting, observational)

Question 4

What type of learning is habituation?

Answer 4

Non-associative, simple

Question 5

What type of learning is observation?

Answer 5

Non-associative, simple

Question 6

What is the process of learning? (3)

Answer 6

• Attention to sensation
• Stored short term
• Rehearsing = encoding = long term

Question 7

What is the term that describes how memory is stored with some sort of context?

Answer 7

Codification

Question 8

What is associative learning?

Answer 8

Relationship between two or more stimuli

Question 9

What is working memory?

Answer 9

Holding of information in a useable for for basic cognitive activities

Question 10

What are the three sources of working memory?

Answer 10

• Sensory input
• short term
• long term

Question 11

When does working memory mature?

Answer 11

Late in developmental stages

Question 12

True or false: working memory is a fragile process

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What part of the brain mediates working memory?

Answer 13

Prefrontal cortex

Question 14

What are the two qualitative categories of memory? Which is explicit/implicit?

Answer 14

Declarative (explicit) and nondeclarative (implicit)

Question 15

What are the two types of declaritive memory?

Answer 15

Episodic

Semantic

Question 16

Where is declarative memory stored?

Answer 16

Hippocampus

Temporal lobe

Question 17

What are the three types of non-declaritive memory?

Answer 17

Priming
Procedural
Associative

Question 18

What is episodic memory?

Answer 18

Events

Question 19

What is semantic memory?

Answer 19

General knowledge and facts without reference to time and place

Question 20

Where is priming memory stored?

Answer 20

Neocortex

Question 21

Where is procedural memory stored?

Answer 21

Striatum

Question 22

Where is associative memory stored?

Answer 22

Amygdala if emotional

Cerebellum if motor

Question 23

What is priming?

Answer 23

Seeing something and recalling facts about it

Question 24

What are the three domains of memory?

Answer 24

Cognitive
Psychomotor
Affective

Question 25

What is cognitive memory?

Answer 25

To recall, calculate, discuss

Question 26

What is psychomotor memory?

Answer 26

Dance, swim ski etc

Question 27

What is affective memory?

Answer 27

To like something, love someone etc

Question 28

What is the major structural part of the brain involved in episodic memory?

Answer 28

Medial temporal lobes

Question 29

What is the major structural part of the brain involved in procedural memory?

Answer 29

Basal ganglia, cerebellum

Question 30

What is the major structural part of the brain involved in working memory? (spatial and phonological parts)

Answer 30

prefrontal cortex, for spatial Broca's/Wernicke's for phonological

Question 31

What is habituation?

Answer 31

Diminished response following a stimuli

Question 32

What is sensitization?

Answer 32

Enhancement of a response by addition of another stimuli

Question 33

What is imprinting?

Answer 33

Bonding

Question 34

What is vicarious or latent non-associative memory?

Answer 34

Familiarity | Imitation

Question 35

What is acquisition in terms of memory?

Answer 35

Input

Question 36

Where does reconsolidation occur in the brain?

Answer 36

Hippocampus

Question 37

What does consolidation require?

Answer 37

Sleep

Question 38

What is memory extinction?

Answer 38

Loss of memory

Question 39

What occurs in the information holding period?

Answer 39

Recurrent circuitry

Question 40

What is the basis of memory formation?

Answer 40

Increased connection transmission between axons

Question 41

What is the receptor that is involved in memory?

Answer 41

NMDA receptors

Question 42

What is synaptic plasticity?

Answer 42

Ability of a neuron to adapt to new stimuli

Question 43

What are axon spines? What happens to them during learning?

Answer 43

Branches off of axons there synapses occur Increase in number

Question 44

What are the two processes that take place to turn short term memory into long term?

Answer 44

Consolidation | Translocation

Question 45

Where is long term memory stored?

Answer 45

Throughout the cortex (codification)

Question 46

How do we retrieve memory?

Answer 46

Bring it back into short term memory

Question 47

What is potentiation?

Answer 47

Following a strong, sustained stimulus or high frequency stimulus, the response to the previously defined stimulus is greatly enhanced

Question 48

Do the long term potentiation changes occur at the presynaptic terminal, or the postsynaptic one?

Answer 48

Both

Question 49

True or false: synaptogenesis plays a role throughout life

Answer 49

True

Question 50

What are the changes that take place during sleep to consolidate memory?

Answer 50

Memory goes from hippocampus to neocortex during theta rhythm

Question 51

What happens to the pathways that are formed with memory/learning when we recall it?

Answer 51

Same pathways are activated

Question 52

What are the three structures involved in active forgetting? Who affects whom?

Answer 52

Prefrontal cortex Amygdala Hippocampus --prefrontal cortex inhibits the other two

Question 53

What are the intrinsic factors that affect modulation of new memory?

Answer 53

Developing stages Aging Hormones

Question 54

What are the two main external impacts on memory?

Answer 54

Stress | Concussion

Question 55

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 55

Inability to form new memories

Question 56

What causes anterograde amnesia?

Answer 56

Primarily a defect in consolidation though it could involve | acquisition

Question 57

What does the left hippocampus do in memory?

Answer 57

``` verbal information (words, writing) [broad generality] ```

Question 58

What does the right hippocampus do in memory?

Answer 58

- nonverbal information (complex visual | and auditory patterns) [broad generality]

Question 59

Anterograde amnesia affects what types of memory? Which type does it not affect?

Answer 59

Declarative, not procedural

Question 60

What is the MOA of memory loss with anesthesia?

Answer 60

Impairment of acquisition and consolidation

Question 61

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 61

Inability to recall previously stored memories

Question 62

What is the temporal (time) quality to memories?

Answer 62

Older memories are more resistant to 'loss' | while new more recent memories are more vulnerable

Question 63

What is the MOA of retrograde amnesia?

Answer 63

Defect in the recall, not a loss of actual information

Question 64

What is agnosia?

Answer 64

Inability to recognize stimuli, commands

Question 65

What are the four symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (hint, they all start with the letter "A")?

Answer 65

Aphasia Apraxia Agnosia Amnesia

Question 66

What is the most common form of cortical dementia in humans?

Answer 66

Alzheimer's

Question 67

What are the two proteins involved in Alzheimer's?

Answer 67

Neurofibrillary tangles (tau) Beta-amyloid

Question 68

What is the MOA of memory loss in Alzheimer's disease? Where in the brain does this occur (3)?

Answer 68

Neuronal loss in the hippocampus, cortex, and basal forebrain

Question 69

What structure is damaged in Alzheimer's that causes anterograde amnesia? Retrograde?

Answer 69

``` Anterograde = Hippo Retro = Cortex and forebrain ```