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Physiology > Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two divisions of learning?

A

Associative learning

Non-associative learning

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2
Q

What is associative learning?

A

Passive

Operant: (positive or neg reinforcement)

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3
Q

What are the two types of non-associative learning?

A
  • Simple (habituation)

- complex (imprinting, observational)

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4
Q

What type of learning is habituation?

A

Non-associative, simple

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5
Q

What type of learning is observation?

A

Non-associative, simple

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6
Q

What is the process of learning? (3)

A
  • Attention to sensation
  • Stored short term
  • Rehearsing = encoding = long term
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7
Q

What is the term that describes how memory is stored with some sort of context?

A

Codification

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8
Q

What is associative learning?

A

Relationship between two or more stimuli

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9
Q

What is working memory?

A

Holding of information in a useable for for basic cognitive activities

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10
Q

What are the three sources of working memory?

A
  • Sensory input
  • short term
  • long term
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11
Q

When does working memory mature?

A

Late in developmental stages

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12
Q

True or false: working memory is a fragile process

A

True

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13
Q

What part of the brain mediates working memory?

A

Prefrontal cortex

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14
Q

What are the two qualitative categories of memory? Which is explicit/implicit?

A

Declarative (explicit) and nondeclarative (implicit)

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15
Q

What are the two types of declaritive memory?

A

Episodic

Semantic

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16
Q

Where is declarative memory stored?

A

Hippocampus

Temporal lobe

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17
Q

What are the three types of non-declaritive memory?

A

Priming
Procedural
Associative

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18
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Events

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19
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

General knowledge and facts without reference to time and place

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20
Q

Where is priming memory stored?

A

Neocortex

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21
Q

Where is procedural memory stored?

A

Striatum

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22
Q

Where is associative memory stored?

A

Amygdala if emotional

Cerebellum if motor

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23
Q

What is priming?

A

Seeing something and recalling facts about it

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24
Q

What are the three domains of memory?

A

Cognitive
Psychomotor
Affective

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25
Q

What is cognitive memory?

A

To recall, calculate, discuss

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26
Q

What is psychomotor memory?

A

Dance, swim ski etc

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27
Q

What is affective memory?

A

To like something, love someone etc

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28
Q

What is the major structural part of the brain involved in episodic memory?

A

Medial temporal lobes

29
Q

What is the major structural part of the brain involved in procedural memory?

A

Basal ganglia, cerebellum

30
Q

What is the major structural part of the brain involved in working memory? (spatial and phonological parts)

A

prefrontal cortex, for spatial

Broca’s/Wernicke’s for phonological

31
Q

What is habituation?

A

Diminished response following a stimuli

32
Q

What is sensitization?

A

Enhancement of a response by addition of another stimuli

33
Q

What is imprinting?

A

Bonding

34
Q

What is vicarious or latent non-associative memory?

A

Familiarity

Imitation

35
Q

What is acquisition in terms of memory?

A

Input

36
Q

Where does reconsolidation occur in the brain?

A

Hippocampus

37
Q

What does consolidation require?

A

Sleep

38
Q

What is memory extinction?

A

Loss of memory

39
Q

What occurs in the information holding period?

A

Recurrent circuitry

40
Q

What is the basis of memory formation?

A

Increased connection transmission between axons

41
Q

What is the receptor that is involved in memory?

A

NMDA receptors

42
Q

What is synaptic plasticity?

A

Ability of a neuron to adapt to new stimuli

43
Q

What are axon spines? What happens to them during learning?

A

Branches off of axons there synapses occur

Increase in number

44
Q

What are the two processes that take place to turn short term memory into long term?

A

Consolidation

Translocation

45
Q

Where is long term memory stored?

A

Throughout the cortex (codification)

46
Q

How do we retrieve memory?

A

Bring it back into short term memory

47
Q

What is potentiation?

A

Following a strong,
sustained stimulus or high frequency stimulus, the response to the
previously defined stimulus is greatly enhanced

48
Q

Do the long term potentiation changes occur at the presynaptic terminal, or the postsynaptic one?

A

Both

49
Q

True or false: synaptogenesis plays a role throughout life

A

True

50
Q

What are the changes that take place during sleep to consolidate memory?

A

Memory goes from hippocampus to neocortex during theta rhythm

51
Q

What happens to the pathways that are formed with memory/learning when we recall it?

A

Same pathways are activated

52
Q

What are the three structures involved in active forgetting? Who affects whom?

A

Prefrontal cortex
Amygdala
Hippocampus

–prefrontal cortex inhibits the other two

53
Q

What are the intrinsic factors that affect modulation of new memory?

A

Developing stages
Aging
Hormones

54
Q

What are the two main external impacts on memory?

A

Stress

Concussion

55
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Inability to form new memories

56
Q

What causes anterograde amnesia?

A

Primarily a defect in consolidation though it could involve

acquisition

57
Q

What does the left hippocampus do in memory?

A 
verbal information (words, writing)
[broad generality]
58
Q

What does the right hippocampus do in memory?

A
  • nonverbal information (complex visual

and auditory patterns) [broad generality]

59
Q

Anterograde amnesia affects what types of memory? Which type does it not affect?

A

Declarative, not procedural

60
Q

What is the MOA of memory loss with anesthesia?

A

Impairment of acquisition and consolidation

61
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Inability to recall previously stored memories

62
Q

What is the temporal (time) quality to memories?

A

Older memories are more resistant to ‘loss’

while new more recent memories are more vulnerable

63
Q

What is the MOA of retrograde amnesia?

A

Defect in the recall, not a loss of actual information

64
Q

What is agnosia?

A

Inability to recognize stimuli, commands

65
Q

What are the four symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease (hint, they all start with the letter “A”)?

A

Aphasia
Apraxia
Agnosia
Amnesia

66
Q

What is the most common form of cortical dementia in humans?

A

Alzheimer’s

67
Q

What are the two proteins involved in Alzheimer’s?

A

Neurofibrillary tangles (tau)

Beta-amyloid

68
Q

What is the MOA of memory loss in Alzheimer’s disease? Where in the brain does this occur (3)?

A

Neuronal loss in the hippocampus, cortex, and basal forebrain

69
Q

What structure is damaged in Alzheimer’s that causes anterograde amnesia? Retrograde?

A 
Anterograde = Hippo
Retro = Cortex and forebrain

Physiology (75 decks)

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