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Physiology > Cerebellar function > Flashcards

Cerebellar function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum? (4)

A

a. coordination of motor acts, planning sequential movements
b. regulation of posture
c. control of muscle tone
d. motor learning

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2
Q

How does the cerebellum accomplish motor function?

A

Compensates for errors by comparing intention with performance

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3
Q

How does the cerebellum ‘know” intentions?

A

Since information about planes for movement sent to the cerebellum from the cortex

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4
Q

What are the three cerebellar lobes?

A

Anterior
Posterior
Flocculonodular

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5
Q

What is the function of the flocculonodular lobe?

A

Works with the vestibular system in controlling equilibrium

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6
Q

What is the longitudinal division of the anterior and posterior lobes?

A

Vermis

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7
Q

What are the two parts of the cerebellar hemispheres?

A

Paravermal

Lateral zone

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8
Q

The cerebellar hemispheres and the deep cerebellar nuclei are involved in the control of movement of the ipsilateral or contralateral parts of the body?

A

Ipsilateral

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9
Q

What are the two feedback tracts to the cerebellum?

A

Anterior spinothalamic

Rostrospinocerebellar

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10
Q

The high fidelity tracts carry what information to the cerebellum?

A

Proprioception

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11
Q

What is the role of the internal feedback tracts to the cerebellum?

A

Monitor activity of spinal interneurons and of descending motor signals from the cerebral cortex and brainstem

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12
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum in the cognitive part of speech?

A

Word associations

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13
Q

What are the cerebellar nuclei from medial to lateral?

A

Fastigial
Globose
Emboliform
Dentate

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14
Q

What are the three functional divisions of the cerebellum?

A

Spinocerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum
Vestibulocerebellum

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15
Q

What are the three major inputs into the cerebellum?

A
  1. Mossy fibers
  2. Climbing fibers
  3. Non-laminar afferents
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16
Q

Where do the mossy fibers come from?

A

Neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem

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17
Q

Where do the climbing fibers come from?

A

Inferior olive

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18
Q

What are the cells in the cerebellum that contact the climbing fibers?

A

Purkinje cells

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19
Q

What are the five main types of cells in the cerebellum?

A 
Purkinje
Granule
Golgi
Stellate
Basket
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20
Q

What is the only cell to project out of the cerebellar cortex?

A

Purkinje

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21
Q

What is the function of the granule cells in the cerebellum?

A

Excitatory cell

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22
Q

What is the function of the golgi cell in the cerebellum?

A

affect dendritic input to Purkinje cells by inhibiting granule cells

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23
Q

What is the function of the stellate cells in the cerebellum?

A

affect dendritic integration of Purkinje cells through inhibitory synapses onto dendritic tree

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24
Q

What is the function of the basket cells in the cerebellum?

A

makes inhibitory synapses near initial segment of Purkinje cell axon

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25
Q

True or false: one action potential in climbing fiber is enough to cause complex calcium-dependent spike in Purkinje cell

A

True

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26
Q

What is the relative magnitude of the mossy fiber action potentials compared to ascending fibers? How do they augment this?

A

Much smaller–spatial and temporal summation

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27
Q

What is the function o the climbing fibers?

A

changes in the Purkinje cell’s future responses to mossy fiber input and this interaction is believed to be responsible for motor learning

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28
Q

What is the tract from the cortex to the cerebellum?

A

corticopontocerebellar tract

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29
Q

What is the tract from the cerebellum to the cortex?

A

Dentatorubrothalamic tract

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30
Q

What is the route of info from the cortex to the cerebellum?

A

Cortex
red nucleus
Inferior olive
Cerebellum

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31
Q

Is the corticopontocerebellar tract ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

Contralateral

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32
Q

What is the only cell to project out of the cerebellar cortex?

A

Purkinje cells

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33
Q

The mossy fibers come up from the spinal cord and synapse on what cell? Where do these cells synapse?

A

Granule cells to the purkinje cells

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34
Q

What are the only excitatory cells in the cerebellum?

A

Granule cells

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35
Q

The parallel fibers are from what cell?

A

Granule cells

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36
Q

How many climbing fibers does each purkinje cell receive?

A

One

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37
Q

Where do almost all of the purkinje cell axons terminate?

A

Deep cerebellar nucleus

Some to vestibular nuclei

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38
Q

What is the function of the climbing fiber on the purkinje cell?

A

Excitatory

39
Q

Input from outside the cerebellum is stimulatory or inhibitory?

A

Stimulates

40
Q

Purkinje cells are always inhibitory or excitatory?

A

Inhibitory

41
Q

Output of deep cerebellar nuclei is usually excitatory or inhibitiory

A

Excitatory

42
Q

What is the result of the cerebellar activity?

A

motor activity first excites deep cerebellar nuclei directly, then after short delay nuclei INHIBITED by Purkinje cells.

43
Q

What is the anatomical region of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Flocculonodular lobe

44
Q

What are the inputs to the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Primary afferents from the vestibular labyrinth/nuclei

45
Q

What is the output of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Purkinje cells projects mainly to the vestibular nuclei and also to the fastigial nucleus

46
Q

What are thee four functions of the vestibulocerebellum?

A
  • Equilibrium
  • Gait/posture
  • Eye movements
  • Visual guidance
47
Q

How is gait/posture affected by output from the cerebellum?

A

through vestibulospinal reflexes

48
Q

True or false: Clinically it can be difficult to distinguish between injury to the vestibulocerebellum or to the peripheral vestibular
apparatus, vestibular nerves or vestibular nuclei

A

True

49
Q

Lesions to vestibulocerebellum can cause what symptoms?

A

ataxic gait and various

eye movement disorders

50
Q

What is the anatomical region of the cerebrocerebellum (pontocerebellum)?

A

Lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere

51
Q

What is the input to the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Cortical afferents via pontine nuclei

52
Q

What is the output of the cerebrocerebellum?

A

via dentate nucleus to red nucleus and the thalamus which projects to the premotor and primary motor cortex and prefrontal cortex

53
Q

What is the function of the cerebrocerebellum? (2)

A
  • planning role especially important for multi-joint movements and those requiring fractionated finger movement.
  • timing functions
54
Q

What are the symptoms of a lesion to the cerebro cerebellar cortex or dentate region? (3)

A
  • delays in initiating and terminating movements
  • problems with multi-joint movements
  • effect on patient’s ability to judge elapsed time in non-motor tasks
55
Q

The premotor cortex receives projections from neurons in the dentate nucleus which are preferentially involved in what function?

A

the generation and/or guidance of movement based on visual cues

56
Q

What are the nuclei involved in the spinocerebellum? Where do these output to?

A

Interposed and fastigial

Go to motor cortex and brainstem

57
Q

Deficits with smooth pursuit can be due to a lesion where?

A

Vestibulocerebellum

58
Q

How do cerebellar lesion pts walk?

A

Wide gait

59
Q

What is the anatomical region of the spinocerebellum?

A

intermediate part of hemisphere

60
Q

What is the input to the spinocerebellum?

A

somatosensory information from distal body parts (limbs); Also, input from primary motor and somatic sensory cortex

61
Q

What is the output from the spinocerebellum?

A

via interpositus (globose and emboliform in humans) to lateral motor systems; red nucleus and also to motor cortex (via the thalamus)

62
Q

What is the function of the spinocerebellum?

A
  • regulates distal muscles; concerned with ongoing motor execution and regulation of muscle tone
63
Q

Lesions of the spinocerebellum are ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

Ipsilateral

64
Q

lesions of the spinocerebellum (in general) cause hypo or hypertonia?

A

Hypo

65
Q

What part of the cerebellum has control over saccades?

A

Vermis

66
Q

Lesions of the vermis interfere with what?

A

Learning to compensate for experimental weakening of an eye muscle

67
Q

What is ataxia?

A

loss of muscular coordination due to errors in the range, rate, force, and direction of movement. Movements are jerky and imprecise

68
Q

Cerebellar ataxia is a term that is usually used for what?

A

When there is a lesion to the cerebellum itself–not a tract

69
Q

What is sensory ataxia?

A

Loss of sensory input can frick up the cerebellum = ataxia

70
Q

True or false: • Although patients with cerebellar disease usually exhibit ataxia, not all cases of ataxia are caused by cerebellar problems.

A

True

71
Q

What is dysmetria?

A

errors in the range and force of movement: this is the cause of past pointing

72
Q

What is hypermetria? Hypometria?

A

voluntary muscular movement over reaches the intended goal, over shoot target.

Hypometria is when subject undershoots target.

73
Q

What causes dysdiadochokinesia?

A

probably caused by abnormal agonist – antagonist control

74
Q

When dysarthria is caused by cerebellar damage, what is it called?

A

ataxic dysarthria

75
Q

Static/resting tremor = what damage? Intention tremor?

A 
Static = basal ganglia
Intention = cerebellum
76
Q

When is a static tremor seen (what does the pt have to do)?

A

When a pt is holding limb up against gravity

77
Q

What is titubation? What causes it?

A

a tremor of the entire trunk or head during stance and gait

Can be caused by midline lesion to the cerebellum

78
Q

What is cerebellar nystagmus?

A

nystagmus or oscillatory movements of the eye due to cerebellar-vestibular dysfunction

79
Q

What is the lobe of the cerebellum that plays a role in balance?

A

Flocculonodular lobe

80
Q

How can the vestibulo ocular reflex be suppressed? When is this impaired?

A

Visual fixation.

Impaired in cerebellar lesions

81
Q

A pendular knee jerk response to a tap on the patellar tendon is a sign of what?

A

Cerebellar damage

82
Q

What is synergy? In whom is this problematic?

A

movements are coordinated over two or more joints to make one smooth movement

Cerebellar lesions

83
Q

What are the limb movements like with asynergia?

A

errors in the timing of the components of complex multi joint movement. Joints are moved sequentially rather than simultaneously.

84
Q

What is the rebound phenomenon?

A

inability of the agonist and antagonist to adapt to rapid changes in load.

85
Q

The thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency associated with long term alcoholism can cause atrophy of what?

A

the anterior lobe of the cerebellum

86
Q

What are the signs of thiamine deficiency?

A

Patients can have difficulty walking and with leg control in general, but control of their arms and head is less affected.

87
Q

True or false: MS pts do not have cerebellar signs

A

False

88
Q

What is Friedreich ataxia?

A

a recessively inherited progressive spinocerebellar ataxia that is caused by an expanded repetition of the trinucleotide GAA in a gene on chromosome 9.

89
Q

The premotor cortex receives projections from the cerebellum that are preferentially involved in what?

A

Movement based on visual cues

90
Q

Why do some pts with cerebellar deficits show improved motor function when their eyes were closed?

A

Reduced input to the cerebrum from damaged cerebellum

91
Q

What is the site of motor learning?

A

Cerebellum, with the interactions of the climbing fibers and the Purkinje fibers

92
Q

True or false: the VOR can change

A

True, if there are not cerebellar lesions

93
Q

GAA repeat in chr 9 =?

A

Friedreich ataxia

94
Q

Cerebellar lesions are ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

Ipsilateral

Physiology (75 decks)

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