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Physiology > Intestines > Flashcards

Intestines Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 anatomical features that increased the surface area of the small intestines?

A
  • Circular folds
  • Villi (mucosa & submucosa)
  • Microvilli (intestinal cells)
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2
Q

What comprises the brush border of the intestines?

A

Enterocytes + Microvilli

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3
Q

What happens if there is ischemia to the villi of the intestines?

A

Loss of brush border = lower absorptive capacity

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4
Q

What are the five cell types in the surface epithelium?

A
  1. Absorptive enterocytes
  2. Goblet cells
  3. Secretory enterocytes
  4. Endocrine cells
  5. Stem cells
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5
Q

Why are there stem cells in the small intestinal cells?

A

Rapid turnover

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6
Q

What is the function of Brunner’s glands?

A

Secrete mucus and HCO3

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7
Q

What is the function of the secretory enterocytes?

A

Help facilitate absorption by secreting H2O and electrolytes

“undisturbed water layer”

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8
Q

What are the cells in the crypts of Lieberkuhn?

A

Goblet

Secretory Enterocytes

Absorptive enterocytes

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9
Q

What is the function of the absorptive enterocytes?

A

Expresses a variety of enzymes that facilitate digestion

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10
Q

What are the primary regulators of small intestine motility, and do they stimulate of inhibit contractions?

A
  1. Ach (stim)
  2. VIP (inhibit)
  3. NO (inhibit)
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11
Q

What are the three types of intestinal motility?

A
  1. Migrating motor complex
  2. Segmental contractions
  3. Peristaltic contractions
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12
Q

What does distension in the small intestine trigger? What is the function of this?

A

Local and distal peristaltic relayed by a series of reflexes

Function = get things downstream moving

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13
Q

What is the stimulus for gastroenteric and gastroileal reflexes?

A

Distention

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14
Q

What regulates emptying of the intestines into the cecum?

A

Distension of the cecum inhibits relaxation of the sphincter, but distention in the ileum stimulates

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15
Q

What mediates the ileocecal sphincter reflex?

A

Inhibition is mediated through the ENS

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16
Q

What causes the haustra of the large intestine?

A

Organization of the smooth muscle (circular muscles and tenia coli)

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17
Q

Why is the smooth muscles organized as it is in the large intestines?

A

Facilitates mixing of fluids (and thus absorption)

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18
Q

Are there villi in the large intestines?

A

Nope

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19
Q

What are the primary sites of nutrient absorption in the large intestines?

A

Crypts

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20
Q

What are the three positive regulators of the Crypts of Lieberkuhn?

A

Mechanical
PNS
ENS

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21
Q

What is the negative regulator of the crypts of Lieberkun?

A

symp innervation

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22
Q

What happens to the Haustra during intestinal smooth muscle contraction? What is the function of this?

A

Become more prominent

Increases mixing

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23
Q

What is the function of symp stimulation in the distal colon?

A

Relaxas portions of the colon distal to the distension

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24
Q

What are the propulsive movements of the large intestines?

A

Mass peristalsis moves contents toward rectum 3 times /day

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25
Q

Where is the coloncolonic reflex initiated?

A

Where there is distension

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26
Q

Distention in what two places along the GI tract will induce mass movement?

A

Stomach and duodenum

gastrocolic and duodenocolic reflexes

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27
Q

What are the four key features to the defecation reflex?

A
  1. Intrinsic reflex
  2. Parasympathetic reflex
  3. Additional afferent signals
  4. Desired defecation
28
Q

What is the intrinsic reflex of defecation? What division of the ANS is this initiated by?

A

Distention in the distal portions of the colon produces peristaltic wave toward the rectum. This is initiated by the ENS.

29
Q

What causes the internal anal sphincter to relax?

A

ENS activity from distension leads to release of NO and VIP

30
Q

What happens to the signal to contract in the external sphincter before defectation?

A

Increases

31
Q

How strong is the ENS signals in the rectum for the defecation reflex?

A

Weak–parasymps more important

32
Q

What is the effect of the PNS in the defecation reflex?

A

Signals from the rectum are relayed to the spinal cord, and back to the descending colon, forcing feces toward the anus

33
Q

What is the role of the additional afferent signals from the rectum to the spinal cord in the defecation response?

A

Initiates a deep breath, closure of the glottis, and contraction of the abdominal wall to push fecal content downard

34
Q

What happens to the pelvic floor during defecation?

A

Relaxes

35
Q

What happens during the desired defecation stage of the reflex?

A

Conscious relaxation of the external sphincter, and evacuation of the feces

36
Q

Which has folds: small or large intestines?

A

Both

37
Q

Which has villi: small or large intestines?

A

Small

38
Q

Which has microvilli: small or large intestines?

A

Both

39
Q

Which has crypts/glands: small or large intestines?

A

Both

40
Q

Which has nutrient absorption: small or large intestines?

A

Small

41
Q

Which has water/electrolyte absorption: small or large intestines?

A

Both

42
Q

What happens to the number of bacteria as you move from the stomach through the intestines?

A

Increases

43
Q

What are the four factors that change the growth of gastrointestinal bacteria?

A
  1. GI secretions
  2. Mucosal immunity
  3. Intestinal motility
  4. Pharm agents
44
Q

What are the five functions of intestinal bacteria?

A
  1. Conversion or primary bile to secondary bile
  2. Deconjugation of compounds conjugated in the liver
  3. Nutrient salvage
  4. Detox
  5. Suppression of pathogens
45
Q

What happens to the effectiveness of oral contraceptives with abx use?

A

Decreases b/c rely on bacteria to break down estrogen

46
Q

What increases the secretions of the Brunner’s glands and the crypt of Lieberkuhn?

A

Chyme
ENS
CCK
Secretin

47
Q

What decrease the secretions of Brunner’s and crypts of Lieberkuhn?

A

sympathetics

48
Q

Which muscles of the large intestines are tonically contracted: the longitudinal or the circular?

A

Circular

49
Q

What is the function of the absorptive enterocytes in the large intestines?

A

Absorb H2O and electrolytes

50
Q

What causes relaxation in the large intestines, as opposed to NO in the rest of the GI tract?

A

Symp stimulation

51
Q

Goblet and absorptive enterocytes are located primarily (where?); while secretory enterocytes, endocrine cells, and stem cells are (where)?

A

Goblet and absorptive enterocytes = villi

Secretory enterocytes, endocrine cells, and stem cells= crypts

52
Q

Segmental contractions of the intestines are important for what and are induced by what?

A

Important for mixing, and induced by distention

53
Q

What type of contractions are utilized to push intestinal contents toward the anus?

A

Peristaltic

54
Q

What causes the mixing movements in the large intestines?

A

Circular muscle contraction, resulting in bulging of the intestinal wall

55
Q

What initiates the propulsive movements of the large intestines? How often do these occur?

A

These mass movements are initiated by a constriction point, causing a large portion of the intestines to contract.

56
Q

What is the intrinsic portion of the defecation reflex?

A

Distension in the distal colon signals nerves to start peristaltic contraction, forcing fecal matter toward the anus

57
Q

What is the parasympathetic defecation reflex?

A

After the intrinsic reflex, parasymp nerves to spinal cord cause mass peristalsis, and forcing feces against the anus

58
Q

What is irritable bowel syndrome?

A

an idiopathic chronic relapsing disorder characterized by abdominal discomfort (pain, bloating, distension, or cramps) in association with alterations in bowel habits (diarrhea, constipation, or both).”

59
Q

What is the treatment for IBS?

A

Exercise and symptomatic relief

60
Q

What are the two types of inflammatory bowel disease?

A

Ulcerative colitis

Crohn’s disease

61
Q

Which part of the GI tract is Crohn’s disease usually associated with?

A

ileum

62
Q

Skip lesions = ?

A

Crohn’s disease

63
Q

What is the site of origin of the inflammation in crohn’s disease?

A

Submucosa

64
Q

Where does the inflammation of ulcerative colitis originate from?

A

Crypts of lieberkuhn

65
Q

What are the complications of IBD? (2)

A

Arthritis

Vit deficiencies

66
Q

What is Hirschsprung’s disease?

A

Congential Agangiolinc colon

Physiology (75 decks)

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