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Pancreatic Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Digestive gland/enzymatic secretion

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2
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Hormone synthesis (insulin)

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3
Q

Where do the exocrine products of the pancreas go?

A

Through the duct system into the duodenum

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4
Q

What is the innervation of the islets of Langerhans?

A

Symp and para

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5
Q

What are the islet cells types?

A 
Alpha
Beta
Delta
Epsilon
PP
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6
Q

What do alpha cells secrete? (2)

A

Glucagon

Proglucagon

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7
Q

What do beta cells secrete? (5)

A 
Insulin
C-peptide
Proinsulin
Islet amyloid polypeptide
GABA
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8
Q

What do delta cells secrete?

A

Somatostatin

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9
Q

What do epsilon cells secrete?

A

Ghrelin

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10
Q

What do PP/F cells secrete?

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

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11
Q

What type of hormone is insulin?

A

Peptide

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12
Q

How is insulin made?

A

Translated as proproinsulin

Cleaved to proinsulin, then packaged into secretory granules with enzyme to turn into insulin

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13
Q

What links the alpha and beta chains of preproinsulin?

A

disulfide bonds

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14
Q

What is C peptide?

A

Fragment of preproinsulin

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15
Q

What is the half-life of insulin?

A

3-5 minutes

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16
Q

The release of insulin is what? (constant, variable etc)

A

Pulsatile and periodic

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17
Q

What are the three ways that the release of insulin is regulated?

A

Neural
Hormonal
Nutrient/ion

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18
Q

What is the nerve that innervates the islet cells?

A

Vagus

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19
Q

What is the most potent stimulator of insulin release?

A

Glucose

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20
Q

What ion’s influx is induced by glucose?

A

Ca

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21
Q

What does increased ATP/ADP ratio close in a cell? What does this cause?

A

Inhibits K channel in cells

This causes depolarization

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22
Q

What happens when cells are depolarized from the K channel closing?

A

Ca rushes in, causing insulin secretion

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23
Q

What are the receptors that stimulate islet cells? What is the neurotransmitter? G protein?

A

M3 receptors
ACh
Gq

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24
Q

What is main the amplifier of insulin secretion?

A

Glucagon-like peptide (GLP1)

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25
Q

What is the effect of catecholamines on insulin secretion?

A

Increases secretion if bind Beta

Decreases if binds alpha

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26
Q

What is the effect of somatostatin on insulin?

A

Inhibits release

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27
Q

What is the insulin receptor like?

A

Transcellular Y kinase

Mitogenic and metabolic

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28
Q

Can glucose diffuse across a cell membrane? If not, how does it get in the cell?

A

No, uses energy dependent transport

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29
Q

What is the effect of insulin receptor signalling?

A

Promotes translocation of receptors of glucose to the cell membrane

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30
Q

Where is GLUT 1 found? Function?

A

All tissues

Basal uptake

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31
Q

Where is GLUT 2 found? Function?

A

Pancreatic beta cells

Insulin release

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32
Q

Where is GLUT 3 found? Function?

A

All tissues

Neuronal uptake

33
Q

Where is GLUT 4 found? Function?

A

Skeletal muscle, fat

Insulin mediated uptake

34
Q

Where is GLUT 5 found? Function?

A

Gut, kidney

FRUCTOSE uptake

35
Q

Which GLUT transporter is regulated by insulin

36
Q

Which GLUT transporter is on the surface of pancreatic B cells?

37
Q

What is the effect of insulin of glycogen synthesis?

38
Q

What is the effect of insulin on glycogen breakdown?

39
Q

What is the effect of insulin on protein synthesis?

40
Q

What is the effect of insulin on triglyceride synthesis?

41
Q

What is the effect of insulin on glycogenolysis?

42
Q

What is the effect of insulin on ketogenesis?

43
Q

What is the effect of insulin on gluconeogenesis?

44
Q

What is the effect of insulin on amino acid uptake in muscle?

45
Q

What is the effect of insulin on glycogen synthesis (3)?

A
  1. Increases glucose uptake
  2. Increases glycogen synthase activity
  3. Inhibits glycogen phosphorylase
46
Q

What are the three effect of insulin on triglyceride storage?

A
  1. Promotes fFA uptake
  2. Promotes esterification of fFA
  3. Inhibits lipolysis
47
Q

Which cells secrete glucagon?

A

Alpha cells, and in the gut

48
Q

What is the effect of glucose on glucagon secretion?

49
Q

What is the effect of catecholamines of glucagon?

A

Promote glucagon release

50
Q

What type of innervation stimulates glucagon release (symp or para)?

A

Both symp and para

51
Q

What is the effect of FA of glycogen release?

A

Suppresses

52
Q

What type of receptors does glucagon bind to?

53
Q

What is the effect of glucagon on glucose output? Ketone body output?

A

Promotes both

54
Q

What is the effect of glucagon on gluconeogenesis? Insulin?

A

Glucagon increases

Insulin decreases

55
Q

What is the effect of glucagon on glycogenolysis? Insulin?

A

Glucagon increases

Insulin decreases

56
Q

What is the effect of glucagon on glycolysis? Insulin?

A

Glucagon decreases

Insulin increases

57
Q

What are the three hormones that promote Triglyceride breakdown in the absence of insulin?

A

Epi
Cort
Glucagon

58
Q

Where is the glucagon gene expressed?

A

Gut and pancreas

59
Q

GLP1 is secreted when?

A

in response to glucose, lipids, and parasymp stimualatino

60
Q

What is the effect of GLP1?

A

Promotes the production and secretion of both insulin and somatostatin

61
Q

GLP1 promotes the growth of what cells?

A

Beta cells

62
Q

What degrades GLP1?

A

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4)

63
Q

What produces amoylin (IAPP)? When is it released?

A

Beta cells

Released by same stimulators of insulin

64
Q

What is the function of Amylin?

A

Decreases glucagon secretion and GI motility

65
Q

What pancreatic cells produce somatostatin?

A

Delta cells

66
Q

When is somatostatin produced?

A

In response to insulin release stimuli

67
Q

What is the function of somatostatin? What is this mediated through?

A

Inhibits insulin secretion in a paracrine fashion through SSTR-5

68
Q

What cells produce pancreatic polypeptide? What causes its release?

A

F or PP cells in the pancreas

Released with neuronal control

69
Q

What is the function of pancreatic polypeptide?

A

Regulated exocrine function of the pancreas

70
Q

What pancreatic cells produce Ghrelin?

A

Epsilon cells

71
Q

What is the function of Ghrelin? (3)

A

Induces gastric emptying, acid secretion, and increases appetite

72
Q

What allows intestinal cells to express GLP1 and GLP2? (What enzyme)

A

Express prohormone convertase 1

73
Q

GLP1 is secreted in response to what? (3)

A

Glucose, lipids, and parasymp stimulation

74
Q

What is the effect of GLP1 on the growth of beta cells?

75
Q

What degrades GLP1?

76
Q

What do catecholamines do to insulin secretion?

77
Q

What does beta stimulation do to insulin secretion?

78
Q

What does alpha stimulation do to insulin secretion?

79
Q

What do somatostatin do to insulin secretion?

Physiology (75 decks)

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