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Physiology > Pancreatic Hormones > Flashcards

Pancreatic Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Digestive gland/enzymatic secretion

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2
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Hormone synthesis (insulin)

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3
Q

Where do the exocrine products of the pancreas go?

A

Through the duct system into the duodenum

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4
Q

What is the innervation of the islets of Langerhans?

A

Symp and para

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5
Q

What are the islet cells types?

A 
Alpha
Beta
Delta
Epsilon
PP
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6
Q

What do alpha cells secrete? (2)

A

Glucagon

Proglucagon

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7
Q

What do beta cells secrete? (5)

A 
Insulin
C-peptide
Proinsulin
Islet amyloid polypeptide
GABA
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8
Q

What do delta cells secrete?

A

Somatostatin

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9
Q

What do epsilon cells secrete?

A

Ghrelin

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10
Q

What do PP/F cells secrete?

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

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11
Q

What type of hormone is insulin?

A

Peptide

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12
Q

How is insulin made?

A

Translated as proproinsulin

Cleaved to proinsulin, then packaged into secretory granules with enzyme to turn into insulin

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13
Q

What links the alpha and beta chains of preproinsulin?

A

disulfide bonds

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14
Q

What is C peptide?

A

Fragment of preproinsulin

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15
Q

What is the half-life of insulin?

A

3-5 minutes

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16
Q

The release of insulin is what? (constant, variable etc)

A

Pulsatile and periodic

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17
Q

What are the three ways that the release of insulin is regulated?

A

Neural
Hormonal
Nutrient/ion

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18
Q

What is the nerve that innervates the islet cells?

A

Vagus

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19
Q

What is the most potent stimulator of insulin release?

A

Glucose

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20
Q

What ion’s influx is induced by glucose?

A

Ca

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21
Q

What does increased ATP/ADP ratio close in a cell? What does this cause?

A

Inhibits K channel in cells

This causes depolarization

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22
Q

What happens when cells are depolarized from the K channel closing?

A

Ca rushes in, causing insulin secretion

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23
Q

What are the receptors that stimulate islet cells? What is the neurotransmitter? G protein?

A

M3 receptors
ACh
Gq

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24
Q

What is main the amplifier of insulin secretion?

A

Glucagon-like peptide (GLP1)

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25
What is the effect of catecholamines on insulin secretion?
Increases secretion if bind Beta Decreases if binds alpha
26
What is the effect of somatostatin on insulin?
Inhibits release
27
What is the insulin receptor like?
Transcellular Y kinase Mitogenic and metabolic
28
Can glucose diffuse across a cell membrane? If not, how does it get in the cell?
No, uses energy dependent transport
29
What is the effect of insulin receptor signalling?
Promotes translocation of receptors of glucose to the cell membrane
30
Where is GLUT 1 found? Function?
All tissues | Basal uptake
31
Where is GLUT 2 found? Function?
Pancreatic beta cells | Insulin release
32
Where is GLUT 3 found? Function?
All tissues | Neuronal uptake
33
Where is GLUT 4 found? Function?
Skeletal muscle, fat | Insulin mediated uptake
34
Where is GLUT 5 found? Function?
Gut, kidney | FRUCTOSE uptake
35
Which GLUT transporter is regulated by insulin
4
36
Which GLUT transporter is on the surface of pancreatic B cells?
2
37
What is the effect of insulin of glycogen synthesis?
Increases
38
What is the effect of insulin on glycogen breakdown?
Inhibits
39
What is the effect of insulin on protein synthesis?
Increases
40
What is the effect of insulin on triglyceride synthesis?
Increases
41
What is the effect of insulin on glycogenolysis?
Inhibits
42
What is the effect of insulin on ketogenesis?
Inhibits
43
What is the effect of insulin on gluconeogenesis?
Inhibits
44
What is the effect of insulin on amino acid uptake in muscle?
INcreases
45
What is the effect of insulin on glycogen synthesis (3)?
1. Increases glucose uptake 2. Increases glycogen synthase activity 3. Inhibits glycogen phosphorylase
46
What are the three effect of insulin on triglyceride storage?
1. Promotes fFA uptake 2. Promotes esterification of fFA 3. Inhibits lipolysis
47
Which cells secrete glucagon?
Alpha cells, and in the gut
48
What is the effect of glucose on glucagon secretion?
Inhibits
49
What is the effect of catecholamines of glucagon?
Promote glucagon release
50
What type of innervation stimulates glucagon release (symp or para)?
Both symp and para
51
What is the effect of FA of glycogen release?
Suppresses
52
What type of receptors does glucagon bind to?
G protein
53
What is the effect of glucagon on glucose output? Ketone body output?
Promotes both
54
What is the effect of glucagon on gluconeogenesis? Insulin?
Glucagon increases | Insulin decreases
55
What is the effect of glucagon on glycogenolysis? Insulin?
Glucagon increases | Insulin decreases
56
What is the effect of glucagon on glycolysis? Insulin?
Glucagon decreases | Insulin increases
57
What are the three hormones that promote Triglyceride breakdown in the absence of insulin?
Epi Cort Glucagon
58
Where is the glucagon gene expressed?
Gut and pancreas
59
GLP1 is secreted when?
in response to glucose, lipids, and parasymp stimualatino
60
What is the effect of GLP1?
Promotes the production and secretion of both insulin and somatostatin
61
GLP1 promotes the growth of what cells?
Beta cells
62
What degrades GLP1?
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4)
63
What produces amoylin (IAPP)? When is it released?
Beta cells | Released by same stimulators of insulin
64
What is the function of Amylin?
Decreases glucagon secretion and GI motility
65
What pancreatic cells produce somatostatin?
Delta cells
66
When is somatostatin produced?
In response to insulin release stimuli
67
What is the function of somatostatin? What is this mediated through?
Inhibits insulin secretion in a paracrine fashion through SSTR-5
68
What cells produce pancreatic polypeptide? What causes its release?
F or PP cells in the pancreas Released with neuronal control
69
What is the function of pancreatic polypeptide?
Regulated exocrine function of the pancreas
70
What pancreatic cells produce Ghrelin?
Epsilon cells
71
What is the function of Ghrelin? (3)
Induces gastric emptying, acid secretion, and increases appetite
72
What allows intestinal cells to express GLP1 and GLP2? (What enzyme)
Express prohormone convertase 1
73
GLP1 is secreted in response to what? (3)
Glucose, lipids, and parasymp stimulation
74
What is the effect of GLP1 on the growth of beta cells?
Increases
75
What degrades GLP1?
DPP-4
76
What do catecholamines do to insulin secretion?
Decrease
77
What does beta stimulation do to insulin secretion?
Increase
78
What does alpha stimulation do to insulin secretion?
Decrease
79
What do somatostatin do to insulin secretion?
Decrease

Physiology (75 decks)

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