Sleep

Question 1

what is sleep

Answer 1

sleep is a quickly reversible state characterized by decreased reactivity, decreased motor activity and decreased metabolism

Question 2

functions of sleep

Answer 2

physically restorative
energy saving 
synaptic downscaling
emotional functioning
cognitive functioning
immune system
brain rinsing

Question 3

what is brain rinsing

Answer 3

removing fluid build up from the day.

Question 4

what drives sleep ? (2 factors)

Answer 4

• circadian rythem (dus door zonlicht en biologische klok, dsu external factoren)
• sleep pressure (Process S) -> hoe erg je lichaam slaap nodig heeft.

Question 5

wat gebeurde er tijdens het cave experiment

Answer 5

de internal clock werd langer (48)

Question 6

memory consolidation door…

Answer 6

• encoding
• consolidation REM en SWS
• recall

Question 7

consolidation =

Answer 7

versterking

Question 8

targeted memory reactivation

Answer 8

up state cue: als de brainwave omhoog gaat presenteren ze de informatie. Zo onthoud je het sneller.

Question 9

rythm meten via…

Answer 9

sleep diary en actigraphy (watch that watches movement during sleep)

Question 10

what is nocturnal sleep and how is it measured?

Answer 10

• Physiology Nighttime, or major, sleep period dictated by the circadian rhythm of sleep and wakefulness; the conventional time for sleeping
• polysomnography –> brain activity meten via EEG en muscle tone en eyemovements

Question 11

daytime functioning

Answer 11

multi sleep latency test -> to see how well they stay awake

vigilance test -> to see how well they function during the day

Question 12

waarom wordt muscle tone gemeten met de PSG

Answer 12

• om nocturnal restlessness te meten

en om tussen verschillende sleep stages te differentieren

Question 13

waves van klein naar groot van EEG

Answer 13

beta
alpha
theta
delta

Question 14

hoe zie je dat iemand wakker is op een EEG?

Answer 14

eye movement en alpha signal

Question 15

wat is stage 1

Answer 15

beginnen met in slaap vallen.
je ziet hier:
slowing of activity
rolling of eyes

Question 16

wat is stage 2

Answer 16

consolidation:

• k complexes
• sleep spindles

Question 17

SWS

Answer 17

slow wave sleep. met delta activity.

Question 18

REM sleep

Answer 18

rapid eye movement
‘wake’ EEG
eye movement

Question 19

wat is een hypnogram

Answer 19

A hypnogram is a form of polysomnography; it is a graph that represents the stages of sleep as a function of time.

Question 20

wanneer dromen mensen vooral

Answer 20

in de ochtend

Question 21

wat is de volgorde van slapen tot wakker worden?

Answer 21

stage 1, stage 2, slow wave sleep, rapid eye movement

Question 22

sleep disorders

Answer 22

insomnia
hypersomnia (narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnia)
circadian disorders
sleep-related breathing disorders
parasomnias

Question 23

fatigue =/=

Answer 23

sleepiness.

Question 24

fatigue betekentis

Answer 24

lack of energy to do something, to be tired, not be able to do activities you want to do

Question 25

sleepiness

Answer 25

you cannot stay awake.

Question 26

insomnia als…

Answer 26

meer dan 3 maanden complaints. 
interfere with daily live. 
prevalence: 1% worldwide
effects on wakeful functioning
often associated with comorbidity such as depression

Question 27

liever therapie dan…

Answer 27

medicatie

Question 28

wat kan je tegen insomnia doen?

Answer 28

sleep wake diary
stimulus control (geen telefoon etc)
sleep restriction
relaxation exercises
physical exercises

Question 29

sleep misperception

Answer 29

vaak slapen mensen wel maar realiseren zij dit niet.

Question 30

narcolepsy

Answer 30

excessive daytime sleepiness. disturbed emotion regulation -> cataplexy. also sleep paralysis (wakker zijn maar niet kunnen bewegen) and hypnagogic hallucinations. concentration problems. Maar ze behouden wel hun bewustzijn, dus niet hetzelfde als fainting.

Question 31

wat zijn de cataplexy triggers en waar komen ze bij voor?

Answer 31

bij narcolepsy, disturbed emotions. vaak positive emoties zoals excessive hard lachen, telling a joke etc.

Question 32

wanneer is de onset van narcolepsy

Answer 32

adolescence.

Question 33

wat is de ethiology

Answer 33

unknown (misschien autoimmune/trigger related)

Question 34

wat is er met hypocretin

Answer 34

normaal detectable in humans, maar niet in deze patienten. -> general loss of hypocretin in the lateral hypothalamus.

Question 35

wat doet het hypocretin?

Answer 35

dit blokkeert slaap.

Question 36

normaal…

Answer 36

ligt de balans overdag bij wake (LC, TMN raphe), dit wordt gestimuleerd door hypocretin. snachts gaat het dan naar sleep (VLPO)

Question 37

maar bij de narcolepsy patienten

Answer 37

is dit hypocretin er niet, en dus is de balans verstoord: geen goed onderscheid tussen dag en nacht.

Question 38

multi sleep latency test MSLT

Answer 38

to quantify excessive daytime sleepiness

5 naps spread over 1 day.

Question 39

wat zie je bij deze test bij narcolepsy:

Answer 39

means sleep latency is groter dan 8 minuten en meerdere naps met REM sleep.

Question 40

treatment for narcolepsy?

Answer 40

lifestyle (regular bed times, planned naps)
psychostimulants -> modafinil, methylphenidate (ritalin)
antidepressants
sodium oxybate