Models in psychiatry

Question 1

Substance Use Disorder (SUD) in DSM 5

Answer 1

• continue using the drug even though you have adverse effects
• craving the drug

Question 2

animal models + and -

Answer 2

+ almost all psychological phenomena can be studied in rats
+ detailed understanding of neurobiological mechanisms

• difference in brains between humans and rodents
• social factors not included

Question 3

the addiction cycle

Answer 3

after treatment and getting clean, constant re-exposure to environmental contexts previously associated with alcohol use can provoke relapse

Question 4

hoe kan je the addiction cycle bestuderen in rats?

Answer 4

door elke keer een belletje te geven bij alcohol, en dan exposure to belletjesgeluid zorgt er voor dat je weer kan relapse. voor de treatment gebruikten ze shocks wanneer de muizen gingen drinken.

Question 5

what are neuronal ensembles?

Answer 5

small subsets of selectively activated neurons that encode the learned associations

Question 6

and how do they play a role in addiction

Answer 6

There are patterns of neurons in the brain called ‘neuronal ensembles’ that are selectively activated by drug-related cues and thought to encode the behavior of drug seeking.

Question 7

hoe vind je deze neuronal ensembles

Answer 7

through Fos, which is a gene that gets activated through drug related cues within neuronal ensembles.

Question 8

how do you study the function of a certain brain region

Answer 8

by interfering with the activity of this brain region during a task

Question 9

relationship between insula and smoking

Answer 9

damage to the insula = less smoking. maybe insula plays a role in addiction?

Question 10

a nicotine-associated environment….

Answer 10

A nicotine-associated environmental context causes relapse after punishment-imposed abstinence (onthouding). The Anterior Insula is active (more Fosneurons) when rats are tested in this context.3.The connections from the Basolateral Amygdala to the Anterior Insula are active during relapse.

Question 11

an inhibited insula means…

Answer 11

much less nicotine signalling

Question 12

general approach for behavior

Answer 12

1. you pick behavior
2. you identify a relevant brain region
3. you inhibit this brain region to see what changes in behavior