Skeletal System Flashcards
Is the functional unit of skeletal system
Osteon/ Haversian system
How many bones present in infant?
in adult?
Infant- 305
Adult - 206
Amount of calcium found in bones
90-99%
Calcium is mainly absorbed in what organ?
Intestines
Reason why there is reduced amount of bones in adult compared to children.
Ossification of hyaline cartilages in between bone resulting to fusion of some bones
The mature cells that produces the BONE
Osteocyte
The immature cells that produces the BONE MATRIX
Osteoblast
The only multi-nucleated giant cell that destroys the bone
Osteoclast
What components are present in BONE MATRIX?
COLLAGEN TYPE 1
HYDROXYAPATITE
Hydroxyapatite crystals is the result of what minerals?
Calcium + Phosphate
Houses osteocyte and osteoblast except osteoclast.
Lacuna/Lacunae
Houses the osteoCLAST
Howship’s lacunae
Howship’s may refer to?
Multinucleated giant cell
It is the lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed and replaced by new bone
Bone Remodelling
It is the process of REMOVING bone need to be remodeled.
Resorption
It is the process of producing NEW BONE MATRIX
Ossification
Bone remodeling involves what cells?
OsteoBLAST and OsteoCLAST
Type of bone that mainly contributes in GROWTH
Long bones
Examples of bone that belongs to LONG BONE
Humerus Ulna Radius Femur Tibia Fibula Metacarpals Metatarsals and Phalanges
Shaft of Long bones is called?
Diaphysis
Found between Diaphysis and Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Proximal and distal that marks the growth of the long bone
Epiphysis
What serves as the main site in growth?
Epiphysis
Hormone involve in growth
Somatotropin/GH
What process marks the end of growth?
Closure of EPIPHYSEAL PLATE
Examples of SHORT BONES
carpals and tarsals
Examples of FLAT BONE
ilium, scapula sternum and ribs
Examples of IRREGULAR BONE
Vertebrae, Facial bones, sphenoid, temporal and ethmoid
Type of bone that is incorporated to a tendon of a muscle.
Sesamoid
Example of sesamoid bone
Patella
Muscle to bone attachment made up of dense regular connective tissue.
Tendons
Bone to bone attachment forming a JOINT
Ligaments
Two divisions of the skeletal system.
Axial
Appendicular
How many axial bones present in the human body?
80
How many Appendicular bone present in the human body?
126
Skull includes how many bones in adult and in children?
22- adult
45 infant
Axial bones include what bones?
Skull and Thorax
Appendicuar bones includes?
the extremities
What are the PAIRED cranial bones?
Parietal
Temporal
What are the UNPAIRED cranial bones?
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Occipital
Bones present in the ANTERIOR division of the cranial fossa.
Frontal
Ethmoid
LESSER wing of sphenoid
Structures seen in the ANTERIOR division of the cranial fossa.
Foramen Caecum
Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
What vein passes through the foramen caecum?.
Emissary vein from nose to sagittal sinus
Caecum alone refers to?
first part of the large intestine
Foramen caecum may be seen in two areas
Cranial base
sulcus terminalis of the tongue
What separates anterior and middle cranial fossa?
SPHENOID RIDGE
It is considered as the BUSIEST fossa.
Middle cranial fossa
Bones present int he Middle cranial fossa
GREATER wing of sphenoid bone
PETROUS portion of temporal bone
Structures seen in the middle cranial fossa
Optic canal Superior orbital fissure (SOF) Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Carotid canal
What structure passes through Foramen spinosum?
Middle meningeal artery
Emissary vein
Nervous spinosus
Middle meningeal artery arises from?
Maxillary artery
Structures that passes through foramen LACERUM
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Emissary vein
Internal carotid artery (ICA)
Greater petrosal nerve
What passes through carotid canal?
Small branches of ICA
What structure separates Middle and Posterior cranial fossae?
Petrous portion of Temporal bone
Which of the following structure is located most anteriorly?
A. Foramen Lacerum
B. Foramen Ovale
C. Foramen Magnum
D. Foramen Foramen spinosum
B. Foramen Ovale
Bones present in the Posterior portion
Occipital
Temporal bone
Structures seen in the posterior cranial fossa
Internal acoustic meatus
Jugular foramen
Hypoglossal canal
Foramen magnum
What passes through foramen magnum?
Medulla oblongata
Spinal nerves
vertebral artery
Cranial sutures are made up of what type of cartilage.
Fibrous cartilage
Coronal suture is found between what bones?
Frontal and Parietal
Sagittal suture is found between what bones?
Left and right parietal bones
Lamdoidal sutures is found between what bones?
Parietal and Occipital
Suture found between two FRONTALS
Metopic
Suture found between Parietal and Temporal.
Squamosal suture
Cartilage present in metopic suture
Hyaline cartilage
Suture found between sphenoid and temporal
Sphenosquamosal suture
Highest point of skull
Vertex
Metopic is found in what bone?
Frontal bone
Which of the following bones not part of coronal suture?
A. Frontal bone
B. Left Parietal
C. Right Parietal
D. Temporal
D. Temporal
Soft spot of the skull
Fontanelles
Fontanelle found on the anterior portion of the skull and is diamond-shaped?
Bregma
Fontanelle found on the posterior portion of the skull and is triangular-shaped
Lambda
Bregma closes after how many months after birth?
18-24 months
Lambda closes after how many months after birth?
2-4 months
Growth center in the anterior portion of the skull?
Bregma
What is Pterion?
Point of skull where Frontal, Parietal, Temporal and Sphenoid bone meet
What is Asterion?
Point of skull where Parietal, Occipital and Temporal meet.
What are the sutures that form the Asterion?
Parietomastoid suture
Occipitomastoid suture
Lamdoidal suture
What are the paired Facial bones?
Nasal Maxillae Lacrimal Zygomatic Palatine Inferior nasal conchae
What are the UNPAIRED facial bone?
Vomer
Mandible
The only bone without articulation.
Hyoid bone
Hyoid bone is also known as?
Hanging bone
Shape of hyoid bone.
U-shaped
Bone found in the PETROUS portion of the TEMPORAL BONE.
Ossicle (3)
How many vertebrae in the human body?
33 or 26
Thorax include what bones
Manubrium
Sternum
Ribs
Joins the clavicle and body of the sternum
Manubrium
Manubrium and sternum is joined by?
Sternal angle or Angle of Louis
Other name for Sternum
Breast bone
Serves as the attachment of ribs
Sternum
The most fragile part of Sternum
Xiphoid
Part of Sternum mos important during CPR
Body
How many pairs of TRUE RIBS?
7
Number of FALSE RIBS
5 pairs
What bones consists the roof of oral cavity?
Maxillary and Palatine bone
Most common fracture in the midface?
Zygomatic bone
2nd most common facial fracture
Neck of mandibular condyle (subcondylar)
Ribs 8,9, and 10 are attached to?
7th rib
11th ribs are attached to?
10th rib
12th ribs are attached to?
11th rib
Why is the first 7 ribs considered as True Ribs?
Attached to sternum
Is the only rib that cannot be palpated.
1st rib
Rib palpated accurately in the Sternal angle
2nd rib
It is the location of the base of the heart
2nd intercostal space
It is the location of the Apex of the heart
5th intercostal space
It is the location of Thoracocentesis.
7th intercostal space
What chamber mainly forms the base of the heart?
Left Atrium
What chamber mainly forms the APEX of the heart?
Left Ventricle
What is THORACOCENTESIS?
Draining of fluid from the lungs such as in PNEUMONIA
What part of Upper extremities is formed by the scapula and clavicle?
Shoulder girdle
What part of upper extremities is formed by scapula and humerus?
Shoulder Joint
Other name for Scapula?
Shoulder blade
Scapula articulates with humerus via?
Glenohumeral joint
Scapula articulates with clavicle via?
Acromioclavicular joint
Also known as collar bone.
Clavicle
The most common fracture in the whole body
Clavicle
Part of clavicle prone to fracture
Midclavicular or Body
It is the first bone to calcify.
Clavicle
Also known as funny bone
Humerus
Part of humerus that articulates with the ulna
Trochlear
Part of humerus that articulates with the radius
Capitulum
Structure in humerus located on the posterior area.
Olecranon fossa
What muscle inserts to the olecranon fossa?
Biceps brachii
Ulna is ___ to radius.
Medial
Ulna is connected to radius via?
Intraosseous membrane/ ligament
compared to Ulna, Radius is more?
shorter and smaller
Fracture in radius is called?
Colle’s fracture
Carpal bones articulates with what bone?
Radius
How many carpal bones?
8
What are the PROXIMALS carpal bones
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrium
Pisiform
What are the Distals of carpal bones
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
This carpal bone is the most lateral
Scaphoid
The most medial carpal bone
Pisiform
Carpal bone that connects to 1st and 2nd metacarpals
Trapezium
Carpal bone that connects to 2nd metacarpals
Trapezoid
Carpal bone that connects to the 3rd and 4th metacarapals
Capitate
Carpal bone that connects to the 4th and 5th metacarpal
Hamate
Carpal bone most common to dislocation?
Lunate
Carpal bone that is most common to fracture
Scaphoid
Carpal bone that is the largest
Capitate
The smallest carpal bone
Pisiform
Other name for phalanges
Digital bone
Bones of the fingers
Phalanges
Parts of phalanges.
Proximal
Middle
Distal
Nerve that innervates the thumb, index, middle and half of the ring finger.
Median nerve
Other term for median nerve
Laborer’s nerve
Innervates half of the ring finger and pinkie finger.
Ulnar nerver
Other name for Ulnar nerve
Musician’s nerve
Nerve responsible for tight fist
Radial nerve
Other name for Radial nerve
Greater extensor nerve
Nerve affected in Carpal-Tunnel syndrome
Median nerve
What is the other name of the thumb?
Thenar
Hypothenar refers to?
Pinky finger
Lower extremity formed by sacrum, coccyx and hip bones
Pelvic girdle
Lower extremity formed by acetabulum and femur
Hip joint
Other name for pelvis
Hip bone
The uppermost and largest pelvic bone
Ilium
The lowest and back part of the hip
Ischium
Pelvic bone more prominent in female
pubis
part of pelvis the articulates with the femur
Acetabulum
Pelvic bone most common in bone graft
Ilium
The longest and strongest bone.
Femur
Femur articulates with Patella and Tibia to form what joint?
Knee joint
Bone most commonly affected by osteosarcoma
Femur
The largest sesamoid bone
Patella
Shin refers to?
Tibia
Calf refers to what bone?
Fibula
Tibia is ____ to fibula
Medial
Compared to Fibula, Tibia is more?
longer and larger
The most superior tarsal that articulates with Tibia forming ankle joint
Talus
The largest proximal tarsal bone
Calcaneus
Alsoknown as heel bone
Calcaneus
Intermediate tarsal bone that articulates with talus
Navicular
Distal tarsal bone that is themost lateral and articuates with calcaneus
CUBOID
The wedges shaped tarsalbone that articulates with Navicular
Cuneiform
How many metatarsals?
phalanges?
5 metatarsal
14 phalanges
A union of bone via ligament or fibrocartilage into a functional whole.
JOINTS
Part of a joint that secretes synovial fluid for lubrication.
Synovial membrane
A fluid filled sacs that helps cushion the friction of the joint.
BURSA
Main nutrient of the joint,
Synovial fluid
A non-movable joint
Synarthroses
Example of synchondroses
Manubrium
Example of synostoses
Cranial suture
A slightly movable joint
Amphiarthroses
Sydesmoses type of joint is seen in?
Radius-ulna
Tibia-fibula
Attachment apparatus of the tooth socket
Gomphoses
A freely movable joint
Diarthroses
What is the most movable joint?
Shoulder joint
Whatis the largest joint?
Knee joint
What is the “unhappy triad” injury?
Injury of the knee joint.
Structures involved in “unhappy triad” injury.
Anterior cruciate ligament
Medial collateral ligament
Medial meniscus
