EARS and EYES Flashcards
Ears are located in what bone?
Petrous portion of TEMPORAL bone
The last sense to lose its function during death?
Hearing
The first sense to lose its function during death
Vision
meaning of AD and refers to?
Auricular Dexter - RIGHT ear
Meaning of AS and refers to?
Auricular Sinister- LEFT ear
Meaning of AU and refers to?
Auricular Uterque - BOTH ears
Three parts of the ear
External
Middle
Internal
What type of cartilage is PINNA made of?
Elastic cartilage
Other name for EXTERNAL ear
PINNA
What structure separates the external and middle ear?
Tympanic membrane
T/F: All cartilages are avascular.
True
Other name for tympanic membrane
eardrum
3 parts of Ossicles
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
It is the largest ossicle and is hammer/mallet shape
Malleus
Ossicle with ANVIL shape
Incus
the smallest bone in the body
Stapes
ossicle with stirrup shape
Stapes
They transmit VIBRATION
Ossicles
Hearing comes in what form?
Wave
What structure controls the vibration?
Muscles of the ear
What muscle attaches itself to the MALLEUS?
Tensor Tympani muscle
The shortest muscle of the body attached to stapes
Stapedius
Connects the middle ear to NASOPHARYNX
Eustachian Tube (Auditory tube)
The muscle that opens the tube is
Salpingopharyngeus
Snail like projection
Cochlea
Cochlea is responsible for?
Hearing
Outer membrane of cochlea
Ressner’s membrane
Inner membrane of the cochlea
Basilar membrane
What membrane is stimulated by the sound FREQUENCY entering to the cochlea?
Basilar membrane
Main receptor for hearing
Organ of corti
Organ of corti houses what cell?
HAIR cells
A gelatinous membrane that delivers the sound in the brain.
Tectorial membrane
BQ. What membrane hits first by the wave?
Tympanic membrane
BQ. The last membrane to be hit by the wave.
Tectorial membrane
What ossicle is embedded in Cochlea?
Stapes
Vestibule is responsible for?
Balance
Responsible for horizontal acceleration
Sacule
Responsible for Vertical acceleration
Utricle
Hair-like, motile and flexible
Kinocilia
Hair-like, stiff and non-motile
Stereocilia
Vestibule contains what fluid?
Semicircular fluid that is responsible for balance
Swimmer ear is caused by what organism?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Glue ear is caused by what organism?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Vertigo is the most common sign of this infection
Otitis interna
Other name for Otitis interna
Vestibular neuritis
OD means
Ocular Dexter (RIGHT eye)
OS means
Ocular sinister-LEFT ear
OU means
Ocular uterque (BOTH eyes)
Other name for Cornea
Ciliary body
Clear front surface of the eyes for focusing near object.
Ciliary body
Basement membrane that lies on the cornea
Descemet’s membrane
a Reflex in response to focusing on a near object
Accommodation
Eyes towards midline
Convergence
BQ. What muscle is responsible for the convergence of the eyes towards an image?
Medial rectus
medical term for constricting the pupil
Miosis
medical term for dilating the pupils
MyDriasis
White portion of the eye
Sclera
sclera is mainly made up of what collagen?
collagen type 1
iris is also refer to as?
diaphragm
adjusts the pupil to control the amount of light by constricting it
iris
the center opening of iris
pupil
What pathology in which the pupil has no reaction towards the light but DILATES when focusing?
Argyle-Robertsonian Pupil
other name for Argyll-Robertsonian Pupil
papillary light - near dissociation Reflex
Argyll-Robertsonian is observed in what diseases?
syphilis and diabetes mellitus
Pathology of which the pupil DILATES towards the light.
Marcus-Gunn Pupil
also known as relative afferent pupil
Marcus-Gunn Pupil
Marcus-Gunn is observed in what disease and lesion?
Multiple sclerosis and CN II lesion
the photosensitive region of the eye
retina
Cones are mainly found in what part of the retina?
Fovea centralis
Rods are mainly found in what part of the retina?
periphery
allows us to focus on accurate image
REFRACTION
also known as the blind spot
optic disc
Optic disc contains what receptor cells?
NONE
humor means?
fluid
a thin watery fluid that fills the space between cornea and iris
aqueous humor
a clear gel that fills the space between lens and retina
vitreous
connection of aqueous and vitreous humor
canal off schlemm
eye muscle for elevating of eyeball? innervated by?
Superior Rectus- CNIII
eye muscle for depressing the eyeball? innervated by?
inferior Rectus- CNIII
adduction of eyeball? innervated by?
medial Rectus - CNIII
abduction of eyeball? innervated by?
Lateral Rectus - CN VI
Intorsion of eyeball? innervated by?
superior Oblique - CN IV
Extorsion of the eyeball? innervated by?
Inferior Oblique - CN III
Levator palpebrae is responsible for what action of the eye?
Opening the eyelid (CN III)
BQ. If in relax state the eyeball is displaced towards the medial, what muscle is defected?
lateral Rectus
Intraocular muscle that helps in ACCOMODATION
ciliary muscle
Intraocular muscle responsible in MIOSIS
sphincter pupillae
Intraocular muscle responsible in MYDRIASIS
Dilator pupillae
Shape of Orbital cavity
somewhat pyramidal
Superior boundary of Orbital cavity
frontal and lesser wing of sphenoid
Lateral boundary of Orbital cavity
zygoma, frontal, Greater Wing of sphenoid bone
what consists the floor of the Orbital cavity?
palatine, maxillary and zygoma
medial boundary of Orbital cavity
Body of Sphenoid, Ethmoid, maxilla and lacrimal
thinnest bone in the Orbital cavity
lacrimal bone
BQ. At what wall where the thinnest bone of Orbital cavity can be found?
medial wall
Glands that produces tears
lacrimal gland
function of tears
lubricates the eye
location of lacrimal gland
superolateral portion of the orbit
tears will be washed in what direction?
Inferomedial
1st pathway of tears production
superior salivatory nucleus of the brain
2nd pathway of tears production
Greater petrosal nerve of VII
3rd pathway of tears production
Pterygopalatine ganglion
4th pathway of tears production
lacrimal glands via lacrimal nerve of V1
pathology in which the light focuses in front, instead of the retina
MYOPIA
Pathology in which the light focuses behind the retina
HYPEROPIA
A form of hyperopia caused by loss of elasticity of the lens typically occurring in after- age 40 years old
PRESBYOPIA
A refractive error, when retina fails to focus on the light
ASTIGMATISM
A vision development disorder which vision acuity falls to achieve even when there are eyeglasses
AMBLYOPIA
AMBLYOPIA begins in what stage of human development?
INFANCY and EARLY CHILDHOOD
one eye is misaligned
STRABISMUS
most common cause of cataract
DIPLOPIA
What is cataract?
Clouding of the lens due to aging
Eye pathology most common in
adult______
children ______
adult-Astigmatism
children - amblyopia
Double vision may indicate what injury?
Brain injury/ craniofacial injury
near sightedness-
far sightedness-
Myopia (near)
Hyperopia (far)
between Myopia and Hyperopia, which is most common in older people?
Hyperopia
Major blood supply of the orbit and the eye is?
Opthalmic artery
Opthalmic artery is a branch of?
Internal carotid artery
Blood supply of the brain
Internal carotid artery
Structures that exits through the optic canal
OPTHALMIC ARTERY
OPTIC nerve
