BLOOD Flashcards
Composition of blood
Plasma 55%
Eements of blood 45%
Percent of blood in the total body weight.
8%
Plasma is mainly composed of?
water 90-95%
Intracellular fluid in plasma
2/3 or 70% of the body weight
Extracellular fluid in plasma
1/3 or 30% of the body weight
movement of water in the membrane from lower tohigher concentration
OSMOSIS
Hypertonicity will cause the cell to?
shrink
Hypotonicity will cause the cell to?
Swell
Isotonicity will cause the cell to?
No change in the cell
Plasma is composed of?
Water and Proteins
The most abundant protein in the blood.
Albumin
Protein responsible for OSMOSIS
Albumin
Fluid inside the blood cell is called?
Cytosol
Reason why intracellular fluid has more fluid than extracellular fluid.
To maintain flow.
Organ that places water in the blood.
Kidney
The smallest protein.
Albumin
Protein in the blood that is the binding site of the drug.
Albumin
The largest protein in the blood that carries immunity.
Globulin
What organ produces Albumin?
Liver
Protein that is the binding site of some HORMONES
Globulin
What produces immunoglobulin?
Plasma
Thyroid hormone + globulin
Thyroglobulin
responsible for hemostasis
Clotting factors
What organ produces clotting factors?
Liver
What is hemostasis?
Control of bleeding
Binding site of clotting factors are?
Platelets
The most important factor wound healing
Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen is clotting factor?
Clotting factor 1
Protein that transports iron
Transferrin
The main sugar of the body
Glucose
Main source of energy
Glucose
Immediate source of energy.
ATP
Examples of electrolytes
Minerals such as sodium potassium calcium zinc magnesium etc.
What are the buffering system?
Bicarbonates
carbonates
Responsible for buffering blood that is acidic
Bicarbonate
Responsible for buffering blood that is basic
Carbonate
Role of iron in RBC
Forms hemoglobin
Hemoglobin in RBC is for?
Carrying oxygen
Iron is mainly absorbed?
Duodenum of small intestines
Most nutrients absorbed by the body goes to what organ?
Liver
True or False. Acidic blood has more ability to carry oxygen.
False. Less ability to carry oxygen due to increased Carbon dioxide in acidic blood
Carbon dioxide in the body is due to?
Stress/ Overworked
The more effective method in removing Carbon dioxide is in the presence of what ion?
Bicarbonate
Henderson-hasselbalch equation estimates the pH of the buffer system which depends on the pK of the weak acid and?
the RATIO of MOLAR CONCENTRATION OF SALT AND WEAK ACID
It is the blood plasma with NO FIRBRINOGEN and clotting factors.
Serum
Serum is sometimes used for?
Determining blood type
Blood storage fr transfusion should be kept at what degrees?
4 degrees
Plasma - Fibrinogen =
Serum
What is the universal blood DONOR?
0 negative
What is the universal blood RECEPIENT?
AB positive
What is the rarest blood type?
AB negative
Most incompatible blood type?
Rh positive father
Rh negative mother
Incompatible blood type may result to
erythroblastosis fetalis of new born
Elements of blood
Erythrocyte
Leukocyte
Thrombocyte
Its main function is to transport oxygen.
Erythrocyte (RBC)
Difference between erythrocyte and erythroblast.
Erythrocyte: Mature RBC that carries oxygen
Erythroblast: Immature RBC that does not carry oxygen
-osis means?
accumulation
one sign of Erythroblastosis fetalis
blue baby or cyanotic baby
Origin of Erythrocyte
Proerythroblast > Normoblast > Reticulocyte > Erythrocyte
Precursor of erythrocyte
Reticulocyte
Reticulocyte will transform to what cell?
Erythrocyte
Features of erythrocyte
Biconcave with NO NUCLEUS, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus
Lifespan of RBC
120 days
Maturation days of rbc
7 DAYS
Erythropoeitin is produced by?
Kidneys
What is Erythropoeisis?
Production of RBC
Erythropoeisis is controlled by?
Erythropoeitin
Production of RB in
male___
female___
M: 5-6 M/mm3
F: 4-5 M/mm3
Hematocrit level in
Male___
Female___
Male: 42-52percent
Female: 36-48%
Hemoglobin level in
Male_____
Female____
Male: 14-16 g/dL
Female: 12-14 g/dL
What are HEMOGLOBIN molecules?
Ferrous iron
Histidines
Pyrrole ring
Organ where RBCs are digested.
SPLEEN
Part of spleen where RBC are digested
Red pulp
Cells located in the Red pulp of spleen responsible for digesting old RBC
Macrophages
It is the percentage of RBC mass in the blood.
HEMATOCRIT
It is the normal type of hemoglobin
HgA
The primary factor that determines hemoglobin saturation is
BLOOD PO2
The amount of PRODUCTION of RBC/day is controlled by
Erythropoeitin
The amount of DESTRUCTION of RBC/day is measured by the amount of?
BILE PIGMENT excreted by the LIVER
It is a non-invasive method for monitoring a person’s oxygen saturation.
Pulse oximetry
Erythrocyte Value
Normal value= 95-100%
What is the form of iron to produce hemoglobin?
Ferrous iron
Ferric iron results to formation of?
Methemoglobin
Difference between hemoglobin and methemoglobin.
Hemoglobin= carries oxygen Methemoglobin = no ability to carry oxygen
Element of blood responsible for immunity.
Leukocyte/WBC
Origin of WBC
Myeloblast > Myelocyte > Granulocyte or Agranulocyte
Production of WBC
4,000 - 11,000 mm3
Lifespan of WBC
13-20 days
WBC that are granulocytes
Basophils
Eosinophilic
Neutrophils
Specific ganules that determine if WBC is granulocyte or agranulocyte.
Azurophilic granules
Purpose of azurophilic granules in WBC
Defense mechanism of the cell
Found at the periphery of the cell that is the least numerous and contains HISTAMINE and HEPARIN
Basophils 0-2%
Most potent vasodilator
Histamine
Role of HEPARIN in WBC
Natural anti-coagulant that fights infection
Basophil contains how many lobes of nuclei?
2-3 lobes of nuclei
Leukocyte for allergic reactions and parasitic infection.
Eosinophil 1-6%
Leukocyte mainly for acute infection
Neutrophil 40-75%
First line of defense and stop acute infection
Neutrophil
Other name for Neutrophil
Polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte and STAB cells
Neutrophil contains how many lobes of nuclei
4-6 lobes of nuclei
Defective cell that leads from acute to chronic infection.
Neutrophil
Drumstick projection in neutrophil indicates
Barr bodies
Barr bodies is for?
Determines the sex of the patient
What are the enzymes of neutrophils?
Neuraminidase
Hydrolase
Myeloperoxidase
Lactoferrin
Enzymes that cleaves salicyclic acid residues
Neuraminidase
Enzyme that hydrolyzes chemical bonds
Hydrolase
Enzyme that causes respiratory bursts
Myeloperoxidase
Enzyme that has affinity for iron
Lactoferrin
These are WBC that do not have azurophilic granules,
Agranulocyte
2 types of agranulocyte
Monocyte
Lymphocyte
The largest WBC.
Monocyte 2-10%
Monocyte mainly phagocytosis and pinocytosis
Monocyte
When monocyte resides in the tissues, it is called?
Macrophage
Monocyte nucleus looks like?
horse-shoe appearance
Enzymes of monocyte
TNF ALPHA INTERFERON CYTOKINE TISSUE NECROSIS FACTOR INTERLEUKIN
Enzyme of monocyte for adhesion of cells
TNF ALPHA
Monocyte enzyme for inhibition of viral replication
INTERFERRON
Monocyte enzyme that is the signaling molecule when there is inflammation.
Cytokine
A cytokine that makes up the ACUTE INFLAMMATION
Tissue necrosis factor
It is a protein that regulates cell growth, differentiation, motility, and immune response such as inflammation.
Interleukin
What WBC is increased in viral infection?
Monocyte
Interleukin that is the PRO-INFLAMMATORY.
IL-1
Interleukin responsible for maturation and release of EOSINOPHILS and PLASMA CELLS.
IL-5
Interleukin that is ANTI-INFLMMATORY.
IL-10
Interleukin needed for B-cell to become Plasma cell
IL-5
Macrophage seen in skin
Langerhan cell
Langerhan cell is located in what layer of the skin?
Strarum spinosum
Macrophage in bone
Osteoclast/ Histiocyte
Macrophage in kidney
Mesangial cell
Macrophage in brain
Microglia
Macrophage in placenta
Hofbauer cell
Macrophage in lungs
Dust cell
Heart failure cells
Macrophage in tooth
Histiocyte/ Wandering rest cell
Macrophage in Liver
Kupffer cells
Litorial
Main macrophage in liver.
Kupffer cells
It is the macrophage in sinusoids of liver
Litorial
It is the smallest WBC main cell for immunity.
Lymphocyte 15-40%
Maturation site of lymphocyte
Bone marrow
Thymus gland
Lymphocyte that contains ANTIBODY-ANTIGEN
B-cell
Main cell for humoral activity and ANTIBODY production
Plasma cell
Has a clock-face nucleus.
Plasma cell
Immunoglobulin present in mucus
IgA
Immunoglobulin first produced by the body or present in infection
IgM
Immunoglobulin for allergy and parasitic infection.
IgE
Immunoglobulin with no function
IgD
Immunoglobulin that transform to IgG
IgD
Most abundant, smallest and the only Ig that corss placental barrier.
IgG
What Ig is not produced by plasma cell?
IgG
Extra Ig in amphibians and reptiles.
IgX
Ig found in eggYolk
IgY
Lymphocyte mainly for cytotocxic activity
T-cell
B-cell mature in?
Bone marrow
T-cell matures in?
Thymus gland
Derivatves of T-cell that activates COMPLEMENT SYSTEM.
CD-4
Other name for CD-4
Helper T-cell
Derivative of T-cell that kills infected target cells.
CD-8
Other name for CD-8
Cytotoxic T-cell
HIV mainly affects what lymphocyte?
T-cell CD-4
T-cell involved in immunoregulation of other cells
NK or Natural Killer cells
Other name for T-cell immunity
Cell-mediated immunity
Complement system of the body
C3b
C5a
Protein in C3b
Opsonin
Protein in C5a
Chemotaxin
Guides the WBC during phagocytosis.
Opsonin/c3b
Helps the WBC during diapedesis
Chemotaxin/ C5a
Process of engulfing of bacteria in immune activity.
Opsonization
What protein responsible for opsonization.
Opsonin
What is programmed cell death?
Apoptosis
Based on population, arrange the WBC from most to least.
Neutrophil Lymphocyte Monocyte Eosinophil Basophil
Element of blood that carries clotting factors for HEMOSTASIS.
Thrombocyte
Other term for thrombocyte
Platelet
Platelet contains what proteins?
Histamine
Heparin
Heparin in thrombocyte act as?
Natural anti-coagulant for blood flow
Cell responsible for hemostasis
Platelet
Organ responsible for hemostasis
Liver
ORIGIN of Thrombocyte.
Megakaryocyte
Production of thrombocyte
150,000 to 450,000 mm3
Features of Platelet
Biconvex and no nucleus
Lifespan of Thrombocyte
10 days
Reason why thrombocyte does not have a nucleus.
It is only a fragment of cytoplasm from megakaryocyte
Elements of blood not considered as TRUE CELL
Platelet
Clotting factors are produced by the liver except?
Clotting factors III, IV, and XII produced by the sinusoids of liver
What are the clotting factors?
CF I- Fibrinogen CF II- Prothrombin CF III- TISSUE FACTOR CF IV- CALCIUM ion CF V- Labile CF VI- -------- CF VII- STABLE FACTOR CF VIII- ANTIHEMOPHILIA CF IX- CHRISTMAS CF X- STUART-PROWER CF XI- Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent CF XII - Hagemann CF XIII- Fibrin Stabilizing
Most common hemophilia involved due to deficient of CF VIII
Hemophilia A
Hemophilia involved in CF IX
Hemophilia B
Hemophilia involved in CF XI
Hemophilia C
Hemophilia common in adult
Hemophilia A
Hemophilia common in children
Hemophilia A
True or False. Hemophilia is sex-linked.
True
Need for Normal Blood Clotting
Calcium Thrombin Vitamin K Phospholipids Proteolysis
Intrinsic pathway is initiated by what CF?
CF XII
Extrinsic pathway is initiated by what CF?
CF III
Both intrinsic and extrinsic pathway is conducted by what CF?
CF X
Clotting factors that are dependent to Vitamin K
CF II, VII, IX, X
Factor that produces Temporary plug
Von Willebrand Factor (vWF)
Factor that produces PERMANENT plug
CF VIII
It is the process that stops blood loss when injury occurs.
Hemostasis
Three steps in HEMOSTASIS
Vasoconstriction
Platelet plug formation (fibrin formation)
Coagulation
Protein that holds the platelet plug together during clot formation.
FIBRIN
