BLOOD Flashcards
1
Q
Composition of blood
A
Plasma 55%
Eements of blood 45%
2
Q
Percent of blood in the total body weight.
A
8%
3
Q
Plasma is mainly composed of?
A
water 90-95%
4
Q
Intracellular fluid in plasma
A
2/3 or 70% of the body weight
5
Q
Extracellular fluid in plasma
A
1/3 or 30% of the body weight
6
Q
movement of water in the membrane from lower tohigher concentration
A
OSMOSIS
7
Q
Hypertonicity will cause the cell to?
A
shrink
8
Q
Hypotonicity will cause the cell to?
A
Swell
9
Q
Isotonicity will cause the cell to?
A
No change in the cell
10
Q
Plasma is composed of?
A
Water and Proteins
11
Q
The most abundant protein in the blood.
A
Albumin
12
Q
Protein responsible for OSMOSIS
A
Albumin
13
Q
Fluid inside the blood cell is called?
A
Cytosol
14
Q
Reason why intracellular fluid has more fluid than extracellular fluid.
A
To maintain flow.
15
Q
Organ that places water in the blood.
A
Kidney
16
Q
The smallest protein.
A
Albumin
17
Q
Protein in the blood that is the binding site of the drug.
A
Albumin
18
Q
The largest protein in the blood that carries immunity.
A
Globulin
19
Q
What organ produces Albumin?
A
Liver
20
Q
Protein that is the binding site of some HORMONES
A
Globulin
21
Q
What produces immunoglobulin?
A
Plasma
22
Q
Thyroid hormone + globulin
A
Thyroglobulin
23
Q
responsible for hemostasis
A
Clotting factors
24
Q
What organ produces clotting factors?
A
Liver
25
What is hemostasis?
Control of bleeding
26
Binding site of clotting factors are?
Platelets
27
The most important factor wound healing
Fibrinogen
28
Fibrinogen is clotting factor?
Clotting factor 1
29
Protein that transports iron
Transferrin
30
The main sugar of the body
Glucose
31
Main source of energy
Glucose
32
Immediate source of energy.
ATP
33
Examples of electrolytes
```
Minerals such as sodium
potassium
calcium
zinc
magnesium etc.
```
34
What are the buffering system?
Bicarbonates
| carbonates
35
Responsible for buffering blood that is acidic
Bicarbonate
36
Responsible for buffering blood that is basic
Carbonate
37
Role of iron in RBC
Forms hemoglobin
38
Hemoglobin in RBC is for?
Carrying oxygen
39
Iron is mainly absorbed?
Duodenum of small intestines
40
Most nutrients absorbed by the body goes to what organ?
Liver
41
True or False. Acidic blood has more ability to carry oxygen.
False. Less ability to carry oxygen due to increased Carbon dioxide in acidic blood
42
Carbon dioxide in the body is due to?
Stress/ Overworked
43
The more effective method in removing Carbon dioxide is in the presence of what ion?
Bicarbonate
44
Henderson-hasselbalch equation estimates the pH of the buffer system which depends on the pK of the weak acid and?
the RATIO of MOLAR CONCENTRATION OF SALT AND WEAK ACID
45
It is the blood plasma with NO FIRBRINOGEN and clotting factors.
Serum
46
Serum is sometimes used for?
Determining blood type
47
Blood storage fr transfusion should be kept at what degrees?
4 degrees
48
Plasma - Fibrinogen =
Serum
49
What is the universal blood DONOR?
0 negative
50
What is the universal blood RECEPIENT?
AB positive
51
What is the rarest blood type?
AB negative
52
Most incompatible blood type?
Rh positive father
| Rh negative mother
53
Incompatible blood type may result to
erythroblastosis fetalis of new born
54
Elements of blood
Erythrocyte
Leukocyte
Thrombocyte
55
Its main function is to transport oxygen.
Erythrocyte (RBC)
56
Difference between erythrocyte and erythroblast.
Erythrocyte: Mature RBC that carries oxygen
Erythroblast: Immature RBC that does not carry oxygen
57
-osis means?
accumulation
58
one sign of Erythroblastosis fetalis
blue baby or cyanotic baby
59
Origin of Erythrocyte
Proerythroblast > Normoblast > Reticulocyte > Erythrocyte
60
Precursor of erythrocyte
Reticulocyte
61
Reticulocyte will transform to what cell?
Erythrocyte
62
Features of erythrocyte
Biconcave with NO NUCLEUS, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus
63
Lifespan of RBC
120 days
64
Maturation days of rbc
7 DAYS
65
Erythropoeitin is produced by?
Kidneys
66
What is Erythropoeisis?
Production of RBC
67
Erythropoeisis is controlled by?
Erythropoeitin
68
Production of RB in
male___
female___
M: 5-6 M/mm3
F: 4-5 M/mm3
69
Hematocrit level in
Male___
Female___
Male: 42-52percent
Female: 36-48%
70
Hemoglobin level in
Male_____
Female____
Male: 14-16 g/dL
Female: 12-14 g/dL
71
What are HEMOGLOBIN molecules?
Ferrous iron
Histidines
Pyrrole ring
72
Organ where RBCs are digested.
SPLEEN
73
Part of spleen where RBC are digested
Red pulp
74
Cells located in the Red pulp of spleen responsible for digesting old RBC
Macrophages
75
It is the percentage of RBC mass in the blood.
HEMATOCRIT
76
It is the normal type of hemoglobin
HgA
77
The primary factor that determines hemoglobin saturation is
BLOOD PO2
78
The amount of PRODUCTION of RBC/day is controlled by
Erythropoeitin
79
The amount of DESTRUCTION of RBC/day is measured by the amount of?
BILE PIGMENT excreted by the LIVER
80
It is a non-invasive method for monitoring a person's oxygen saturation.
Pulse oximetry
81
Erythrocyte Value
Normal value= 95-100%
82
What is the form of iron to produce hemoglobin?
Ferrous iron
83
Ferric iron results to formation of?
Methemoglobin
84
Difference between hemoglobin and methemoglobin.
```
Hemoglobin= carries oxygen
Methemoglobin = no ability to carry oxygen
```
85
Element of blood responsible for immunity.
Leukocyte/WBC
86
Origin of WBC
Myeloblast > Myelocyte > Granulocyte or Agranulocyte
87
Production of WBC
4,000 - 11,000 mm3
88
Lifespan of WBC
13-20 days
89
WBC that are granulocytes
Basophils
Eosinophilic
Neutrophils
90
Specific ganules that determine if WBC is granulocyte or agranulocyte.
Azurophilic granules
91
Purpose of azurophilic granules in WBC
Defense mechanism of the cell
92
Found at the periphery of the cell that is the least numerous and contains HISTAMINE and HEPARIN
Basophils 0-2%
93
Most potent vasodilator
Histamine
94
Role of HEPARIN in WBC
Natural anti-coagulant that fights infection
95
Basophil contains how many lobes of nuclei?
2-3 lobes of nuclei
96
Leukocyte for allergic reactions and parasitic infection.
Eosinophil 1-6%
97
Leukocyte mainly for acute infection
Neutrophil 40-75%
98
First line of defense and stop acute infection
Neutrophil
99
Other name for Neutrophil
Polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte and STAB cells
100
Neutrophil contains how many lobes of nuclei
4-6 lobes of nuclei
101
Defective cell that leads from acute to chronic infection.
Neutrophil
102
Drumstick projection in neutrophil indicates
Barr bodies
103
Barr bodies is for?
Determines the sex of the patient
104
What are the enzymes of neutrophils?
Neuraminidase
Hydrolase
Myeloperoxidase
Lactoferrin
105
Enzymes that cleaves salicyclic acid residues
Neuraminidase
106
Enzyme that hydrolyzes chemical bonds
Hydrolase
107
Enzyme that causes respiratory bursts
Myeloperoxidase
108
Enzyme that has affinity for iron
Lactoferrin
109
These are WBC that do not have azurophilic granules,
Agranulocyte
110
2 types of agranulocyte
Monocyte
| Lymphocyte
111
The largest WBC.
Monocyte 2-10%
112
Monocyte mainly phagocytosis and pinocytosis
Monocyte
113
When monocyte resides in the tissues, it is called?
Macrophage
114
Monocyte nucleus looks like?
horse-shoe appearance
115
Enzymes of monocyte
```
TNF ALPHA
INTERFERON
CYTOKINE
TISSUE NECROSIS FACTOR
INTERLEUKIN
```
116
Enzyme of monocyte for adhesion of cells
TNF ALPHA
117
Monocyte enzyme for inhibition of viral replication
INTERFERRON
118
Monocyte enzyme that is the signaling molecule when there is inflammation.
Cytokine
119
A cytokine that makes up the ACUTE INFLAMMATION
Tissue necrosis factor
120
It is a protein that regulates cell growth, differentiation, motility, and immune response such as inflammation.
Interleukin
121
What WBC is increased in viral infection?
Monocyte
122
Interleukin that is the PRO-INFLAMMATORY.
IL-1
123
Interleukin responsible for maturation and release of EOSINOPHILS and PLASMA CELLS.
IL-5
124
Interleukin that is ANTI-INFLMMATORY.
IL-10
125
Interleukin needed for B-cell to become Plasma cell
IL-5
126
Macrophage seen in skin
Langerhan cell
127
Langerhan cell is located in what layer of the skin?
Strarum spinosum
128
Macrophage in bone
Osteoclast/ Histiocyte
129
Macrophage in kidney
Mesangial cell
130
Macrophage in brain
Microglia
131
Macrophage in placenta
Hofbauer cell
132
Macrophage in lungs
Dust cell
| Heart failure cells
133
Macrophage in tooth
Histiocyte/ Wandering rest cell
134
Macrophage in Liver
Kupffer cells
| Litorial
135
Main macrophage in liver.
Kupffer cells
136
It is the macrophage in sinusoids of liver
Litorial
137
It is the smallest WBC main cell for immunity.
Lymphocyte 15-40%
138
Maturation site of lymphocyte
Bone marrow
| Thymus gland
139
Lymphocyte that contains ANTIBODY-ANTIGEN
B-cell
140
Main cell for humoral activity and ANTIBODY production
Plasma cell
141
Has a clock-face nucleus.
Plasma cell
142
Immunoglobulin present in mucus
IgA
143
Immunoglobulin first produced by the body or present in infection
IgM
144
Immunoglobulin for allergy and parasitic infection.
IgE
145
Immunoglobulin with no function
IgD
146
Immunoglobulin that transform to IgG
IgD
147
Most abundant, smallest and the only Ig that corss placental barrier.
IgG
148
What Ig is not produced by plasma cell?
IgG
149
Extra Ig in amphibians and reptiles.
IgX
150
Ig found in eggYolk
IgY
151
Lymphocyte mainly for cytotocxic activity
T-cell
152
B-cell mature in?
Bone marrow
153
T-cell matures in?
Thymus gland
154
Derivatves of T-cell that activates COMPLEMENT SYSTEM.
CD-4
155
Other name for CD-4
Helper T-cell
156
Derivative of T-cell that kills infected target cells.
CD-8
157
Other name for CD-8
Cytotoxic T-cell
158
HIV mainly affects what lymphocyte?
T-cell CD-4
159
T-cell involved in immunoregulation of other cells
NK or Natural Killer cells
160
Other name for T-cell immunity
Cell-mediated immunity
161
Complement system of the body
C3b
| C5a
162
Protein in C3b
Opsonin
163
Protein in C5a
Chemotaxin
164
Guides the WBC during phagocytosis.
Opsonin/c3b
165
Helps the WBC during diapedesis
Chemotaxin/ C5a
166
Process of engulfing of bacteria in immune activity.
Opsonization
167
What protein responsible for opsonization.
Opsonin
168
What is programmed cell death?
Apoptosis
169
Based on population, arrange the WBC from most to least.
```
Neutrophil
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil
```
170
Element of blood that carries clotting factors for HEMOSTASIS.
Thrombocyte
171
Other term for thrombocyte
Platelet
172
Platelet contains what proteins?
Histamine
| Heparin
173
Heparin in thrombocyte act as?
Natural anti-coagulant for blood flow
174
Cell responsible for hemostasis
Platelet
175
Organ responsible for hemostasis
Liver
176
ORIGIN of Thrombocyte.
Megakaryocyte
177
Production of thrombocyte
150,000 to 450,000 mm3
178
Features of Platelet
Biconvex and no nucleus
179
Lifespan of Thrombocyte
10 days
180
Reason why thrombocyte does not have a nucleus.
It is only a fragment of cytoplasm from megakaryocyte
181
Elements of blood not considered as TRUE CELL
Platelet
182
Clotting factors are produced by the liver except?
Clotting factors III, IV, and XII produced by the sinusoids of liver
183
What are the clotting factors?
```
CF I- Fibrinogen
CF II- Prothrombin
CF III- TISSUE FACTOR
CF IV- CALCIUM ion
CF V- Labile
CF VI- --------
CF VII- STABLE FACTOR
CF VIII- ANTIHEMOPHILIA
CF IX- CHRISTMAS
CF X- STUART-PROWER
CF XI- Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent
CF XII - Hagemann
CF XIII- Fibrin Stabilizing
```
184
Most common hemophilia involved due to deficient of CF VIII
Hemophilia A
185
Hemophilia involved in CF IX
Hemophilia B
186
Hemophilia involved in CF XI
Hemophilia C
187
Hemophilia common in adult
Hemophilia A
188
Hemophilia common in children
Hemophilia A
189
True or False. Hemophilia is sex-linked.
True
190
Need for Normal Blood Clotting
```
Calcium
Thrombin
Vitamin K
Phospholipids
Proteolysis
```
191
Intrinsic pathway is initiated by what CF?
CF XII
192
Extrinsic pathway is initiated by what CF?
CF III
193
Both intrinsic and extrinsic pathway is conducted by what CF?
CF X
194
Clotting factors that are dependent to Vitamin K
CF II, VII, IX, X
195
Factor that produces Temporary plug
Von Willebrand Factor (vWF)
196
Factor that produces PERMANENT plug
CF VIII
197
It is the process that stops blood loss when injury occurs.
Hemostasis
198
Three steps in HEMOSTASIS
Vasoconstriction
Platelet plug formation (fibrin formation)
Coagulation
199
Protein that holds the platelet plug together during clot formation.
FIBRIN
