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Dental Boards Review > BLOOD > Flashcards

BLOOD Flashcards

1
Q

Composition of blood

A

Plasma 55%

Eements of blood 45%

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2
Q

Percent of blood in the total body weight.

A

8%

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3
Q

Plasma is mainly composed of?

A

water 90-95%

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4
Q

Intracellular fluid in plasma

A

2/3 or 70% of the body weight

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5
Q

Extracellular fluid in plasma

A

1/3 or 30% of the body weight

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6
Q

movement of water in the membrane from lower tohigher concentration

A

OSMOSIS

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7
Q

Hypertonicity will cause the cell to?

A

shrink

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8
Q

Hypotonicity will cause the cell to?

A

Swell

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9
Q

Isotonicity will cause the cell to?

A

No change in the cell

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10
Q

Plasma is composed of?

A

Water and Proteins

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11
Q

The most abundant protein in the blood.

A

Albumin

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12
Q

Protein responsible for OSMOSIS

A

Albumin

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13
Q

Fluid inside the blood cell is called?

A

Cytosol

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14
Q

Reason why intracellular fluid has more fluid than extracellular fluid.

A

To maintain flow.

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15
Q

Organ that places water in the blood.

A

Kidney

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16
Q

The smallest protein.

A

Albumin

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17
Q

Protein in the blood that is the binding site of the drug.

A

Albumin

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18
Q

The largest protein in the blood that carries immunity.

A

Globulin

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19
Q

What organ produces Albumin?

A

Liver

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20
Q

Protein that is the binding site of some HORMONES

A

Globulin

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21
Q

What produces immunoglobulin?

A

Plasma

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22
Q

Thyroid hormone + globulin

A

Thyroglobulin

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23
Q

responsible for hemostasis

A

Clotting factors

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24
Q

What organ produces clotting factors?

A

Liver

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25
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

Control of bleeding

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26
Q

Binding site of clotting factors are?

A

Platelets

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27
Q

The most important factor wound healing

A

Fibrinogen

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28
Q

Fibrinogen is clotting factor?

A

Clotting factor 1

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29
Q

Protein that transports iron

A

Transferrin

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30
Q

The main sugar of the body

A

Glucose

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31
Q

Main source of energy

A

Glucose

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32
Q

Immediate source of energy.

A

ATP

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33
Q

Examples of electrolytes

A 
Minerals such as sodium
potassium
calcium
zinc
magnesium etc.
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34
Q

What are the buffering system?

A

Bicarbonates

carbonates

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35
Q

Responsible for buffering blood that is acidic

A

Bicarbonate

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36
Q

Responsible for buffering blood that is basic

A

Carbonate

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37
Q

Role of iron in RBC

A

Forms hemoglobin

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38
Q

Hemoglobin in RBC is for?

A

Carrying oxygen

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39
Q

Iron is mainly absorbed?

A

Duodenum of small intestines

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40
Q

Most nutrients absorbed by the body goes to what organ?

A

Liver

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41
Q

True or False. Acidic blood has more ability to carry oxygen.

A

False. Less ability to carry oxygen due to increased Carbon dioxide in acidic blood

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42
Q

Carbon dioxide in the body is due to?

A

Stress/ Overworked

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43
Q

The more effective method in removing Carbon dioxide is in the presence of what ion?

A

Bicarbonate

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44
Q

Henderson-hasselbalch equation estimates the pH of the buffer system which depends on the pK of the weak acid and?

A

the RATIO of MOLAR CONCENTRATION OF SALT AND WEAK ACID

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45
Q

It is the blood plasma with NO FIRBRINOGEN and clotting factors.

A

Serum

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46
Q

Serum is sometimes used for?

A

Determining blood type

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47
Q

Blood storage fr transfusion should be kept at what degrees?

A

4 degrees

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48
Q

Plasma - Fibrinogen =

A

Serum

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49
Q

What is the universal blood DONOR?

A

0 negative

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50
Q

What is the universal blood RECEPIENT?

A

AB positive

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51
Q

What is the rarest blood type?

A

AB negative

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52
Q

Most incompatible blood type?

A

Rh positive father

Rh negative mother

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53
Q

Incompatible blood type may result to

A

erythroblastosis fetalis of new born

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54
Q

Elements of blood

A

Erythrocyte
Leukocyte
Thrombocyte

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55
Q

Its main function is to transport oxygen.

A

Erythrocyte (RBC)

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56
Q

Difference between erythrocyte and erythroblast.

A

Erythrocyte: Mature RBC that carries oxygen
Erythroblast: Immature RBC that does not carry oxygen

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57
Q

-osis means?

A

accumulation

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58
Q

one sign of Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

blue baby or cyanotic baby

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59
Q

Origin of Erythrocyte

A

Proerythroblast > Normoblast > Reticulocyte > Erythrocyte

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60
Q

Precursor of erythrocyte

A

Reticulocyte

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61
Q

Reticulocyte will transform to what cell?

A

Erythrocyte

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62
Q

Features of erythrocyte

A

Biconcave with NO NUCLEUS, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus

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63
Q

Lifespan of RBC

A

120 days

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64
Q

Maturation days of rbc

A

7 DAYS

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65
Q

Erythropoeitin is produced by?

A

Kidneys

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66
Q

What is Erythropoeisis?

A

Production of RBC

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67
Q

Erythropoeisis is controlled by?

A

Erythropoeitin

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68
Q

Production of RB in
male___
female___

A

M: 5-6 M/mm3

F: 4-5 M/mm3

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69
Q

Hematocrit level in
Male___
Female___

A

Male: 42-52percent
Female: 36-48%

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70
Q

Hemoglobin level in
Male_____
Female____

A

Male: 14-16 g/dL
Female: 12-14 g/dL

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71
Q

What are HEMOGLOBIN molecules?

A

Ferrous iron
Histidines
Pyrrole ring

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72
Q

Organ where RBCs are digested.

A

SPLEEN

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73
Q

Part of spleen where RBC are digested

A

Red pulp

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74
Q

Cells located in the Red pulp of spleen responsible for digesting old RBC

A

Macrophages

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75
Q

It is the percentage of RBC mass in the blood.

A

HEMATOCRIT

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76
Q

It is the normal type of hemoglobin

A

HgA

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77
Q

The primary factor that determines hemoglobin saturation is

A

BLOOD PO2

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78
Q

The amount of PRODUCTION of RBC/day is controlled by

A

Erythropoeitin

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79
Q

The amount of DESTRUCTION of RBC/day is measured by the amount of?

A

BILE PIGMENT excreted by the LIVER

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80
Q

It is a non-invasive method for monitoring a person’s oxygen saturation.

A

Pulse oximetry

81
Q

Erythrocyte Value

A

Normal value= 95-100%

82
Q

What is the form of iron to produce hemoglobin?

A

Ferrous iron

83
Q

Ferric iron results to formation of?

A

Methemoglobin

84
Q

Difference between hemoglobin and methemoglobin.

A 
Hemoglobin= carries oxygen
Methemoglobin = no ability to carry oxygen
85
Q

Element of blood responsible for immunity.

A

Leukocyte/WBC

86
Q

Origin of WBC

A

Myeloblast > Myelocyte > Granulocyte or Agranulocyte

87
Q

Production of WBC

A

4,000 - 11,000 mm3

88
Q

Lifespan of WBC

A

13-20 days

89
Q

WBC that are granulocytes

A

Basophils
Eosinophilic
Neutrophils

90
Q

Specific ganules that determine if WBC is granulocyte or agranulocyte.

A

Azurophilic granules

91
Q

Purpose of azurophilic granules in WBC

A

Defense mechanism of the cell

92
Q

Found at the periphery of the cell that is the least numerous and contains HISTAMINE and HEPARIN

A

Basophils 0-2%

93
Q

Most potent vasodilator

A

Histamine

94
Q

Role of HEPARIN in WBC

A

Natural anti-coagulant that fights infection

95
Q

Basophil contains how many lobes of nuclei?

A

2-3 lobes of nuclei

96
Q

Leukocyte for allergic reactions and parasitic infection.

A

Eosinophil 1-6%

97
Q

Leukocyte mainly for acute infection

A

Neutrophil 40-75%

98
Q

First line of defense and stop acute infection

A

Neutrophil

99
Q

Other name for Neutrophil

A

Polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte and STAB cells

100
Q

Neutrophil contains how many lobes of nuclei

A

4-6 lobes of nuclei

101
Q

Defective cell that leads from acute to chronic infection.

A

Neutrophil

102
Q

Drumstick projection in neutrophil indicates

A

Barr bodies

103
Q

Barr bodies is for?

A

Determines the sex of the patient

104
Q

What are the enzymes of neutrophils?

A

Neuraminidase
Hydrolase
Myeloperoxidase
Lactoferrin

105
Q

Enzymes that cleaves salicyclic acid residues

A

Neuraminidase

106
Q

Enzyme that hydrolyzes chemical bonds

A

Hydrolase

107
Q

Enzyme that causes respiratory bursts

A

Myeloperoxidase

108
Q

Enzyme that has affinity for iron

A

Lactoferrin

109
Q

These are WBC that do not have azurophilic granules,

A

Agranulocyte

110
Q

2 types of agranulocyte

A

Monocyte

Lymphocyte

111
Q

The largest WBC.

A

Monocyte 2-10%

112
Q

Monocyte mainly phagocytosis and pinocytosis

A

Monocyte

113
Q

When monocyte resides in the tissues, it is called?

A

Macrophage

114
Q

Monocyte nucleus looks like?

A

horse-shoe appearance

115
Q

Enzymes of monocyte

A 
TNF ALPHA
INTERFERON
CYTOKINE
TISSUE NECROSIS FACTOR
INTERLEUKIN
116
Q

Enzyme of monocyte for adhesion of cells

A

TNF ALPHA

117
Q

Monocyte enzyme for inhibition of viral replication

A

INTERFERRON

118
Q

Monocyte enzyme that is the signaling molecule when there is inflammation.

A

Cytokine

119
Q

A cytokine that makes up the ACUTE INFLAMMATION

A

Tissue necrosis factor

120
Q

It is a protein that regulates cell growth, differentiation, motility, and immune response such as inflammation.

A

Interleukin

121
Q

What WBC is increased in viral infection?

A

Monocyte

122
Q

Interleukin that is the PRO-INFLAMMATORY.

A

IL-1

123
Q

Interleukin responsible for maturation and release of EOSINOPHILS and PLASMA CELLS.

A

IL-5

124
Q

Interleukin that is ANTI-INFLMMATORY.

A

IL-10

125
Q

Interleukin needed for B-cell to become Plasma cell

A

IL-5

126
Q

Macrophage seen in skin

A

Langerhan cell

127
Q

Langerhan cell is located in what layer of the skin?

A

Strarum spinosum

128
Q

Macrophage in bone

A

Osteoclast/ Histiocyte

129
Q

Macrophage in kidney

A

Mesangial cell

130
Q

Macrophage in brain

A

Microglia

131
Q

Macrophage in placenta

A

Hofbauer cell

132
Q

Macrophage in lungs

A

Dust cell

Heart failure cells

133
Q

Macrophage in tooth

A

Histiocyte/ Wandering rest cell

134
Q

Macrophage in Liver

A

Kupffer cells

Litorial

135
Q

Main macrophage in liver.

A

Kupffer cells

136
Q

It is the macrophage in sinusoids of liver

A

Litorial

137
Q

It is the smallest WBC main cell for immunity.

A

Lymphocyte 15-40%

138
Q

Maturation site of lymphocyte

A

Bone marrow

Thymus gland

139
Q

Lymphocyte that contains ANTIBODY-ANTIGEN

A

B-cell

140
Q

Main cell for humoral activity and ANTIBODY production

A

Plasma cell

141
Q

Has a clock-face nucleus.

A

Plasma cell

142
Q

Immunoglobulin present in mucus

A

IgA

143
Q

Immunoglobulin first produced by the body or present in infection

A

IgM

144
Q

Immunoglobulin for allergy and parasitic infection.

A

IgE

145
Q

Immunoglobulin with no function

A

IgD

146
Q

Immunoglobulin that transform to IgG

A

IgD

147
Q

Most abundant, smallest and the only Ig that corss placental barrier.

A

IgG

148
Q

What Ig is not produced by plasma cell?

A

IgG

149
Q

Extra Ig in amphibians and reptiles.

A

IgX

150
Q

Ig found in eggYolk

A

IgY

151
Q

Lymphocyte mainly for cytotocxic activity

A

T-cell

152
Q

B-cell mature in?

A

Bone marrow

153
Q

T-cell matures in?

A

Thymus gland

154
Q

Derivatves of T-cell that activates COMPLEMENT SYSTEM.

A

CD-4

155
Q

Other name for CD-4

A

Helper T-cell

156
Q

Derivative of T-cell that kills infected target cells.

A

CD-8

157
Q

Other name for CD-8

A

Cytotoxic T-cell

158
Q

HIV mainly affects what lymphocyte?

A

T-cell CD-4

159
Q

T-cell involved in immunoregulation of other cells

A

NK or Natural Killer cells

160
Q

Other name for T-cell immunity

A

Cell-mediated immunity

161
Q

Complement system of the body

A

C3b

C5a

162
Q

Protein in C3b

A

Opsonin

163
Q

Protein in C5a

A

Chemotaxin

164
Q

Guides the WBC during phagocytosis.

A

Opsonin/c3b

165
Q

Helps the WBC during diapedesis

A

Chemotaxin/ C5a

166
Q

Process of engulfing of bacteria in immune activity.

A

Opsonization

167
Q

What protein responsible for opsonization.

A

Opsonin

168
Q

What is programmed cell death?

A

Apoptosis

169
Q

Based on population, arrange the WBC from most to least.

A 
Neutrophil
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil
170
Q

Element of blood that carries clotting factors for HEMOSTASIS.

A

Thrombocyte

171
Q

Other term for thrombocyte

A

Platelet

172
Q

Platelet contains what proteins?

A

Histamine

Heparin

173
Q

Heparin in thrombocyte act as?

A

Natural anti-coagulant for blood flow

174
Q

Cell responsible for hemostasis

A

Platelet

175
Q

Organ responsible for hemostasis

A

Liver

176
Q

ORIGIN of Thrombocyte.

A

Megakaryocyte

177
Q

Production of thrombocyte

A

150,000 to 450,000 mm3

178
Q

Features of Platelet

A

Biconvex and no nucleus

179
Q

Lifespan of Thrombocyte

A

10 days

180
Q

Reason why thrombocyte does not have a nucleus.

A

It is only a fragment of cytoplasm from megakaryocyte

181
Q

Elements of blood not considered as TRUE CELL

A

Platelet

182
Q

Clotting factors are produced by the liver except?

A

Clotting factors III, IV, and XII produced by the sinusoids of liver

183
Q

What are the clotting factors?

A 
CF I- Fibrinogen
CF II- Prothrombin
CF III- TISSUE FACTOR
CF IV- CALCIUM ion
CF V- Labile
CF VI- --------
CF VII- STABLE FACTOR
CF VIII- ANTIHEMOPHILIA
CF IX- CHRISTMAS
CF X- STUART-PROWER
CF XI- Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent
CF XII - Hagemann
CF XIII- Fibrin Stabilizing
184
Q

Most common hemophilia involved due to deficient of CF VIII

A

Hemophilia A

185
Q

Hemophilia involved in CF IX

A

Hemophilia B

186
Q

Hemophilia involved in CF XI

A

Hemophilia C

187
Q

Hemophilia common in adult

A

Hemophilia A

188
Q

Hemophilia common in children

A

Hemophilia A

189
Q

True or False. Hemophilia is sex-linked.

A

True

190
Q

Need for Normal Blood Clotting

A 
Calcium
Thrombin
Vitamin K
Phospholipids
Proteolysis
191
Q

Intrinsic pathway is initiated by what CF?

A

CF XII

192
Q

Extrinsic pathway is initiated by what CF?

A

CF III

193
Q

Both intrinsic and extrinsic pathway is conducted by what CF?

A

CF X

194
Q

Clotting factors that are dependent to Vitamin K

A

CF II, VII, IX, X

195
Q

Factor that produces Temporary plug

A

Von Willebrand Factor (vWF)

196
Q

Factor that produces PERMANENT plug

A

CF VIII

197
Q

It is the process that stops blood loss when injury occurs.

A

Hemostasis

198
Q

Three steps in HEMOSTASIS

A

Vasoconstriction
Platelet plug formation (fibrin formation)
Coagulation

199
Q

Protein that holds the platelet plug together during clot formation.

A

FIBRIN

Dental Boards Review (34 decks)

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